ࡱ>  WYX[ bjbj tdΐΐe``8ShH$$$%D}D}D}!!!!!!$R0E'~nmD}'~'~E$%WH"'~*$%'~:%9I'~ 80h'~:  D}"f}~}}D}D}D}EEaD}D}D}h'~'~'~'~D}D}D}D}D}D}D}D}D}` i:  LI NI U Th gii t nhin tn ti khch quan, con ngi cing nm trong th gii t nhin , s tn ti ca con ngi l nh cao ca to ho m th gii vt cht  to ra. Con ngi khng ch n thun l khi vt cht v tri, t khi loi ngi sinh ra, ngoi mu cu cuc sng ti thiu  duy tr s sng, con ngi lun tm ti khm ph th gii vt cht xung quanh, chinh phc, ci to t nhin theo mc ch ca mnh. Ti sao? Nh th no? l cu hi ngn i, ca mi chng tc i vi th gii vt cht, cu hi  khng bao gi l ci, cu tr li vo thi im ny hay giai on lch s khoa hc ny l tho ng nhng c th s khng ph hp i vi nhng vn , s kin ca giai on sau. T c i  c nhng nh hin trit a ra nhng l gii v s tn ti ca vt cht, tri qua cc thi k lch s lc thng, lc trm cc nh khoa hc lun tm ti khm ph th gii vt cht t thc nghim, gi thuyt v cc thuyt v vt cht  ra i. Thuyt cu to v vt cht l kt qu thu c t thc nghim, nh hng cho cc nghin cu thc nghim v sau, tm li i ngn cho cc khm ph khoa hc cing nh d on cc kh nng, cc kt qu c th c c t th gii vt cht. Thuyt v cu to vt cht cing phi lun t hon thin mnh t cc d kin t nhin. Th gii vt cht l mt th thng nht, cc tnh cht ca chng, tng th l khng i, s tn ti l khch quan, con ngi ch tm ra hoc bit thm cc tnh cht n ca chng ch khng th to ra c tnh cht ca vt cht. Thc t nn vt l ang chia thnh cc nghnh ring bit  nghin cu, cc l thuyt i su vo tng nghnh, s tng th l ri rc. Thuyt: Vt l "Ht - Trng thng nht" cn c vo cc d liu thc t, xy dng trn nguyn tc cc bn cht, tnh cht thc ca vt cht, thng nht cc dng tng tc vt l, ho hc, cc quy lut vn ng ca t nhin, ly vt cht thc lm ch th ca thuyt, xy dng m hnh vt cht t s khai n s tng hp phong ph hin ti. Thuyt xy dng nn cc m hnh, cu hnh ca tt c cc dng t hp vt cht, nu ra cc gii hn tn ti, cc kh nng c th c cing nh cn c vo  d on cc hng pht trin, tm kim, khm ph th gii vt cht. Thuyt c a ra di s ch quan ca c nhn ti, chc chn cn nhiu iu cn phi bn thm. Vi nhng hn ch v ch quan v khch quan, thuyt cha th i su vo nhiu l)nh vc v cing mi mang tnh nh tnh l ch yu. Rt mong mi s gp ca qu v! Trn thnh cm n! Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:quangtho67@gmail.com" quangtho67@gmail.com Phone: 01234884125 Tn trng -T)nh gia -Thanh ho ngy 20.10.2008 VT CHT  KHNG GIAN  THI GIAN Th gii t nhin phong ph v a dng, t th gii vt cht v c n th gii vt cht hu c. S vn ng v bin i khng ngng c quy lut ca vt cht, s tn ti cc khong gii hn cn bng, n nh trong iu kin tng hp khch quan v ch quan ca vt cht trong mi trng vt cht, to nn th gii t nhin cing nh nhng c tnh c th c ca n! Cn c vo tng quan th gii t nhin, ta c cc khi nim c bn: Vt cht - Khng gian - Thi gian. Vt cht l ngun gc, khng gian, thi gian l nhng thuc tnh ch c ngh)a trong th gii vt cht. Nh vy, vt cht trong khng gian, tri theo thi gian to nn tnh a dng ca t nhin. Khng th tch ri cc khi nim  xt c lp bi tnh tt yu ca t nhin. Song cing cn bit cc khi nim  l g? S nh hng ca chng ln nhau nh th no? Tt nhin, th gii t nhin l th gii ca logic cht ch, mi s bin i, vn ng tn ti trn cc gii hn v tng hp cc tng tc ln n. Vt cht l mt khi nim c bn, quan trng nht  ch s tn ti, bin i ca th gii t nhin thng qua s hin din cc tnh cht ca n. Vt cht l nhng thc th c khng gian ring ca n v c cc tnh cht th hin trong khng gian bao quanh n thng qua khi nim trng. Thc t, s tng tc ca vt cht vi vt cht l qu trnh tng tc trng, trng vt cht trong khng gian gi l khng gian trng. Qu trnh tng tc trng khng th tc thi t c gi tr n nh trng tng tc, qu trnh  gi l thi gian tng tc trng (Thi gian trng). Trong th gii t nhin, vt cht l gc, mi tng tc, bin i thng qua trng vt cht vi khng, thi gian trng. Khng gian, thi gian u v ngh)a nu tch ri khi vt cht. Song  xt yu t nh hng ca chng, ta c cc khi nim: Khng gian tuyt i, thi gian tuyt i. S tuyt i  y ch rng khng c vt cht (d l v ngh)a). KHNG GIAN TUYT I: - ng hng - Bt bin - V tn - Khng xc nh. THI GIAN TUYT I: - V tn - c lp ng tr - Khng th xc nh c thi gian tuyt i. Thi gian l khi nim ch s vn ng, tng tc v chuyn ho ca trng vt cht Trong t nhin, khng gian trng v thi gian trng c phn nh ngay bi trng vt cht, n chu tc ng trc tip bi trng vt cht do  cc c tnh ca chng quy nh bi cc tnh cht tng tc, chuyn ho ca vt cht. Thc t vt cht, m c th l trng vt cht cing b nh hng bi tnh khng gian v thi gian,  l tnh cht ca vt cht trong khng - thi gian trng. T y khi xt th gii t nhin, khng gian trng v thi gian trng c coi l tnh cht ca vt cht trong khng - thi gian. VT CHT Vt cht l nhng ci c thc vi cc tnh cht ca n th hin trong khng - thi gian. Vt cht c hai khi nim: Ht v Trng Vt cht gm cc phn t gi l ht, tng tc vi nhau trong khng gian bi cc tnh cht ca chng gi l trng. S phong ph v a dng ca vt cht ch cho thy vt cht bao gm mt s loi ht, mi ht ny ch mang mt trng duy nht gi l ht c bn v tng ng c trng c bn Ht c bn l dng ht vt cht c lp mang mt tnh cht c lp xc nh thng qua mt loi trng c lp trong khng gian gi l khng gian trng c bn. Ht v trng khng th tch ri nhau. Vt cht tng tc vi nhau bi khng gian trng ca chng.T cc ht c bn vi trng c bn chng tng tc vi nhau theo nguyn tc c lp tc dng ca cc trng to nn cc ht bn th cp (Ti iu kin xt) v t hp trng th cp. Ht c bn l bt bin. Chng tn ti v khng chuyn ho thnh cc ht c bn khc. Ht sinh trng trong khng gian, trng c trng cho ht trong mi tng tc v chuyn ho ca vt cht. Khng gian trng do ht sinh ra v phn b c quy lut cht ch vi h quy chiu l tm hnh hc ca ht c bn. Gi tr ca ht c bn c thng qua gi tr trng c bn. Trng c bn c mi quan h cht ch vi khng gian bi gi tr trng c trong khng gian  gi l gi tr trng bo ho. Ngoi khng gian bo ho trng l khng gian di bo ho trng (Khng gian cha bo ho trng). Gi tr trng cha bo ho ph thuc vo v tr tng i, i vi tm h quy chiu ca ht v tng gi tr khng gian bo ho trng. Mi loi ht c bn c mt gi tr khng gian bo ho ring c trng khng i (c trng quan trng ca mt loi ht c bn). Do  trong qu trnh tng tc trng, ngoi s tng tc ca cc loi trng c bn theo tnh cht tng tc ca tng loi trng cn c s chuyn ho cc trng c bn thnh cc trng pht sinh nhm m bo gi tr khng gian bo ho trng khng i. Vy trong tng tc trng, gm t hp cc trng c bn thnh cc trng th cp cn c th c s chuyn ho trng c bn thnh cc trng pht sinh v qu trnh  c kh nng ngc li trn c s tng gi tr trng quy i tng ng l hng s bt bin ca ht. Trng c bn c tnh Vector trong tng tc. Theo tnh cht t nhin c 3 loi ht c bn, tng ng vi 3 trng c bn. ng thi trong qu trnh tng tc c mt s trng pht sinh v to ra rt nhiu ht bn th cp cc cp ti iu kin xt Khi qut cc loi ht - trng 1- Ht hp dn: K hiu  h  sinh trng c bn  H  n v trng hp dn ly tng gi tr trng bo ho trong khng gian bo ho trng lm 1 n v. K hiu:1TH ca ht  h  . 2- Ht in dng: K hiu  d+  sinh ra trng c bn  D+  . n v trng in dng ly tng gi tr trng bo ho trong khng gian bo ho trng ca mt ht  d+ lm n v. K hiu:1TD+. 3- Ht in m: K hiu  d-  , sinh trng c bn  D -  . n v trng in m ly tng gi tr trng bo ho trong khng gian bo ho trng ca mt ht  d-  lm n v. K hiu: TD - 4 - Trng Foton: K hiu: F y l trng pht sinh t cc trng c bn trong tng tc trng ti nhng vng c tng hp trng ln hn gii hn bo ho trng tng ng trong khng gian trng. L trng pht sinh, chn n v k hiu TF. 1 TF c gi tr tng ng khi 1 TH chuyn ha thnh. 5 - Trng nhit: K hiu: N y l trng pht sinh t cc trng H, D+, D -. Trng N c sinh ra trong mt s t hp trng ca mt loi ht bn th cp no , n lun gn lin vi cc ht sinh ra n. Trng N lm tng khng gian trng trong khng gian tng tc trng (Tng hp trng tng ng) nhm cn bng trng trong tng tc trng. n v: TN. 1 TN tng ng 1 TH quy i chuyn ho gi tr trng. T nhin cn c mt s trng pht sinh trong tng hp trng ca cc ht bn th cp cc cp trong  c trng sinh hc trong sinh vt. C th ni trng pht sinh cn ph thuc rt nhu vo kiu t hp trng ca cc trng c bn v t hp ca cc trng th cp sinh ra n. Tt c u c quy lut, d phc tp bao nhiu chng vn tn ti trn c s tng tc v t hp trng ca 3 loi ht c bn, ti iu kin xt, c ch th v khch th trong tng hp trng chung, c th ni chng tun theo mnh   nu - th  . Khi qut s chuyn i gi tr trng tng ng gia cc trng: TH = TF = TN = x TD+ = y TD - Trong qu trnh tng tc trng, t cc loi ht c bn ta c cc ht bn th cp cc cp (Bn trong iu kin xt), sau qu trnh chuyn ho v tng tc trng hnh thnh t hp cc trng trong khng gian tng tc trng gi l trng th cp Trn thc t, chn nguyn t l mt loi ht bn th cp tn ti n nh trong iu kin t nhin trn tri t lm ht th cp c s. Vy ta c cc loi ht bn th cp cc cp trc v sau nguyn t. Cc ht bn th cp sinh ra trn c s tnh cht tng tc ca cc trng c bn v m bo cn bng cc gi tr bo ho trng. Do  cc ht bn th cp to thnh theo mt quy lut cht ch ca cc trng c bn v khng gian cn bng trng. Mi loi ht bn th cp c s lng cc loi ht c bn khc nhau, kt cu khng gian tng tc trng khc nhau, s hnh thnh t cc qu trnh tng tc khc nhau, do  t hp gi tr trng v cc vng khng gian t hp trng l khc nhau, nh vy to ra cc kh nng tng tc v t hp trng l khc nhau trong mt iu kin xt no . T  sinh ra iu kin  ht th cp bn cing nh khong gii hn tn ti ht th cp bn. Khong gii hn (T hp trng v gi tr trng, loi trng, kh nng tng tc t do ca cc trng ) cng nh th t hp trng ca ht th cp  tng tc cng mnh i vi cc t hp trng khc (Vt cht khc), cing c ngh)a kh nng tng tc t do ca cc trng c bn cn ln v ngc li cc ht th cp cng bn th khong gii hn bn cng ln. Kt cu khng gian phn b trng cing nh gi tr trng tng tc t do nh hng ln n tnh bn ca ht bn th cp. Trong iu kin no  ht bn th cp c th c to ra v nhanh chng chuyn thnh ht bn khc ph thuc vo khong gii hn iu kin bn ca ht, song n vn tn ti nu m bo iu kin bn trong gii hn bn, ta  bit s tng tc vt cht thng qua khng gian trng vt cht v tri qua thi gian trng, nh vy  hnh thnh ht th cp bn t cc ht khc phi tri qua s chuyn i trong tng tc, khng c khong gii hn tn ti nh vy trong qu trnh  khng tnh l ht bn th cp. S tng tc trng l c lp, vai tr l tng ng nhau i vi ht tham gia tng tc trn c s tnh cht tng loi trng trng tc. Ht bn th cp c s (Nguyn t), k hiu: NG Ht bn th cp trc c s : NG - i Ht bn th cp sau c s : NG + i Trn c s phn loi: NG - i: ion, e, n, p, & NG + i: Cc phn t, t hp cc phn t, & Vi  i  nguyn dng, t ba loi ht c bn khi tng tc trng, tu iu kin tng tc, s loi ht tng tc m sinh ra cc loi ht bn th cp khc nhau v to nn s a dng ca ht bn th cp. Phn cp cc loi ht bn th cp trn c s tng hp nhiu yu t: Trong mt cp cc loi ht c bn tham gia tng ng, tnh cht tng tc trng ca cc ht l tng ng nhau i vi tng loi ht, gii hn tng tc trng l tng t nhau, s phn b khng gian trng trong cc ht l tng t nhau, & . Nh vy, s phn loi l tng i, t thc tin v logic cc ht bn th cp c s ht tham gia cng t th s khc bit cng ln v ngc li. V th, i vi cc ht NG +i (i>= 0), t mt cp c th c nhiu phn cp v nhm, ta coi nguyn t l 1 cp th cc nguyn t l phn cp, cc ng v ca nguyn t nm trong 1 nhm, n phn t s a dng cng tng nhanh. Vt cht tng tc vi nhau thng qua khng gian trng, trong qu trnh tng tc trng l s tng tc ca t hp trng, do  c s tng tc lm tng gi tr trng v gim gi tr trng trong mt s vng khng gian tng tc trng. Ngoi vng khng gian bo ho trng th gi tr trng ph thuc vo khng gian, tc l ph thuc vo v tr xt vi tm quy chiu ca ngun trng v gi tr tng ca khng gian bo ho ca trng . Khng gian trng, m thc t l tnh cht ca vt cht trong khng gian, c xu hng n nh gi tr trng trong khng gian trng theo tm quy chiu ca trng. Khng gian trng lun c xu hng chng li s bin thin gi tr trng ti v tr khng i i vi tm quy chiu ca trng,  l khi nim  Qun tnh " ca vt cht. T cc tnh cht trn ca vt cht (Trng vt cht), mi s tng tc trng  t c gi tr cn bng n nh u phi tri qua mt qu trnh thay i gi tr trng gi l thi gian trng. Ni ti tng tc trng v thi gian trng l ni n s chuyn ng chung ca tt c cc dng ca vt cht. Mi s chuyn ng u do tc dng trc tip ca trng vt cht, ch c trng vt cht tc dng ln trng vt cht mi c khi nim chuyn ng. S chuyn ng l s tng tc trng, chuyn ho trng nm trong qu trnh t ch mt cn bng gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian tng tc tin ti s cn bng n nh (Phin nh) gi tr trng trong cc khng gian trng i vi tm hnh hc ca h khng gian bo ho trng tham gia tng tc. Mi s cn bng  trng thi xt l s cn bng gi tr trng ca vt cht. Do tnh cht ca khng gian trng, s chuyn ng ca khng gian trng u lm thay i gi tr trng ti cc vng khng gian gn vi tm quy chiu ca trng to nn gia tc ca chuyn ng. Vt cht xt u  dng ht bn th cp v t hp ca chng, do  tu tng loi trng tc dng v tu s tng tc rng buc v khng gian ca vt cht, ca cc loi trng ng tc dng ta c cc dng chuyn ng khc nhau trong qu trnh tng tc trng  gii phng trng, chuyn ho trng hay c hai. Thi gian trng nh gi qu trnh tng tc trng, chuyn i trng cing nh s thay i gi tr trng ca khng gian trng i vi tm quy chiu ca khng gian trng bo ho. Nguyn tc tng tc trng: Lm gim tng gi tr trng trong vng tng tc v lm tng gi tr trng ngoi vng tng tc  to t chc bn song c tnh ca khng gian trng lun chng li s thay i ga tr trng trong khng gian , hai tnh cht  c lp nhau ng thi qu trnh tng tc trng ph thuc vo ga tr trng t do tham gia tng tc v c tnh loi trng tng tc dn n thi gian trng c th cho tng qu trnh tng tc. Vt cht trong th gii t nhin l tp hp cc loi ht bn th cp cc cp. S tng tc trng ph thuc khng gian tng tc, do  vi tnh cht c th ca tng trng c bn m phm vi tng tc l c hn. Kt hp vi s hn ch tng tc ca mt s trng khc tc dng ln trong t hp, c cc m hnh cc cp ht bn m   c c trng bi cc yu t: Loi trng tham gia tng tc ni ti, phm vi tng tc ca cc loi trng , m hnh khng gian ca cc ht bn, tng hp trng chung (Cc loi trng c bn, pht sinh, dng tng tc ca t hp trng, phm vi gii hn tn ti mt s trng, & ). Tp hp cc ht bn NG i (i ( 0) ph thuc vo tng hp cc trng, phm vi,  ln tng tc, cu trc khng gian ca cc ht m ta c cc ci gi l trng thi ca vt cht (Rn, lng, kh, Plasma & ). Thc cht ca cc trng thi cing nh ci gi l khong tn ti ca trng thi (Ph thuc t0, P, E, & ) l cc gii hn bin ca tng hp trng trong khng gian (Quy v tng gi tr trng quy i) vt cht tng tc. S tn ti khong trng thi ca vt cht l s cn bng tng i trong tng tc chuyn i trng ca cc loi trng ng tc dng trong mt khng gian vt cht xt. Trong mt t hp vt cht, t cc loi ht bn th cp, cc trng pht sinh c sinh ra t mt cp ht no  v s tn ti ca n ph thuc vo tnh cht ca trng  i vi s chuyn ho trng. Cc trng pht sinh khng t chuyn thnh cc trng c bn, song n c kh nng lm tng gi tr trng c bn (thc cht l qu trnh  khi phc " gi tr khng gian bo ho trng c bn, ngc vi qu trnh gii phng trng c bn trong nguyn tc m bo gi tr khng gian bo ho trng l hng s khi cc khng gian bo ho trng tng tc vi nhau). Tu tng loi trng c bn tng tc no, tu vo gi tr khng gian trng tng tc (Gi tr trng t do trong khng gian trng), kt qu s c loi trng pht sinh g, tr s bao nhiu v phm vi tn ti ca chng. Thc t th gii tn ti a dng song theo nhng quy lut cht ch, khng th t hu vt cht bi cc ht c bn l bt bin, tng cc gi tr trng theo quy i tng ng l bt bin. Trng vt cht ch tc dng ln trng vt cht, do  d c chuyn ho trng v gi tr khng gian bo ho trng c th b thay i th ti mt trng thi no  s n nh. Trong qu trnh tng tc vt cht, ngoi cc trng c bn s c trng pht sinh m bo cn bng gi tr trng v khng gian trng (Tng khng gian tng tc trng), to cc ht bn mi n nh trong u kin mi. S tng tc, chuyn ho trng ch lm thay i ga tr khng gian bo ho trng c bn m khng lm thay i tnh cht ca cc loi trng. Khng gian trng ca mt ht c bn phn b tng ng trn cc mt ng th (Mt cu - xt cho mt ht c lp), do  khi tng tc trng vi cc ht vt cht khc s sinh ra hin tng mt cn bng gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng ca ht trong t hp ht, gy nn s n nh phin nh (S chuyn ng ni ti t to s cn bng trng trong s mt cn bng gi tr trng trong khng gian trng) ng thi tn ti cc gi tr khng gian trng t do ph thuc cc loi trng tham gia tng tc v ch yu vo kt cu khng gian trng tc trng ca t hp ht bn c to ra. S tng tc trng da trn cc c s: - Trng vt cht ch tng tc vi trng vt cht v bo ton tng gi tr trng quy i tng ng trong qu trnh tng tc (Tng gi tr trng ca ht bn sau tng tc v cc trng pht sinh). - Lm gim cc gi tr khng gian bo ho trng ti vng khng gian tng tc trng ca cc trng c bn trn c s khng gian c bn ca ht khng i (Kch thc khng gian bo ho trng). - Chng li s tng ga tr trng (Tng hp trng tng ng) ca cc vng khng gian trng. - Trng thi trng lun tm v s cn bng trng xung quanh tp hp vt cht - S tng tc, t hp trng tun theo nhng quy lut khng gian tng tc trng cht ch, m bo sao cho sau tng tc trng th gi tr trng ca khng gian trng t do l nh nht ti iu kin sy ra t hp trng (Tng hp cc yu t tc ng vo qu trnh tng tc t hp trng) - Ht c bn tng ng trng c bn, trng  gi l khng gian trng ring, gi tr trng nh x  khng gian trng ring, n lun chng li s thay i gi tr. - Trong qu trnh tng tc t hp trng, s to ra s thay i gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng  a phng ", di p lc ca qu trnh tng tc, cc vng trng c gi tr trng ln hn gi tr cho php phi gii phng trng thnh cc trng pht sinh, trng pht sinh lm gim gi tr trng tng hp ti vng tng tc ng thi tn ti s cn bng chng tng ga tr trng trong khng gian tng tc trng bi khong cch gia cc ht tham gia tng tc, trng thi dn tr v n nh khi tng hp trng cn bng. Nh vy, trng nhit l trng pht sinh, trung gian trong vic n nh gi tr trng, Trng Foton l trng pht sinh  gii phng trng trn gii hn gi tr trng trong khng gian cho php. HT - TRNG HP DN Ht hp dn trong t nhin khng tn ti c lp, chng tn ti  cc ht bn th cp, nhn din n thng qua ci gi l  khi lng " ca vt cht . T cc tnh cht ca vt cht, tnh a dng ca vt cht, cc th nghim thc nghim, m phng nn cu to v tnh cht ca ht hp dn. Vt l  th hin tnh cht ca ht hp dn qua cc nh lut: - Newton: F = EMBED Equation.3 hoc EMBED Equation.3= EMBED Equation.3. M, EMBED Equation.3 =(EMBED Equation.3i. mi Cc nh lut c hc v vn tc, gia tc: EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 S ht khi lng trong phn ng ht nhn theo Einstein: EMBED Equation.32 Ht hp dn thng qua trng hp dn cn nhng tnh cht tng tc mnh vi cc trng D+ v D --, thc t to cc ht c khi lng mang in. Ht hp dn c hai vng khng gian trng: Vng khng gian bo ho trng v vng khng gian di bo ho trng. Vng khng gian bo ho trng c trng cho tr s gi tr ca ht hp dn, vng khng gian bo ho trng l ng tr. Khng gian bo ho trng l gii hn gi tr trng vt cht trong khng gian. Cc ht hp dn l tng t nhau (Khng th phn bit)  trng thi c lp l tng do  cc vng khng gian bo ho trng l ging nhau. Khng gian bo ho trng ca mt ht hay mt t hp ht hp dn c trng bi  kch thc " khng gian t tm hnh hc ca ht n bin vng khng gian bo ho trng l hng s. Thc t vt l mi ch ra cc ht Quazt , cc ht  c bn n, p,(,(,(,( & trong mt m ri bng bong, ln ln gia mang in, khng mang in, sinh, t bt thng. Theo ti, khng gian bo ho trng ca ht hp dn ch tng tc vi cc vng khng gian bo ho trng ca cc ht d+, d -- to nn cc ht bn s cp (Ht bn th cp u tin c sinh ra), ht ny rt bn v c khng gian tng tc trng bo ho l ln nht. Cc ht bn th cp cp tip theo c lin kt bi cc vng khng gian trng t do cn li, do  km bn hn (Theo s ph hu ht) Vng khng gian di bo ho trng biu th gi tr ca vng khng gian bo ho trng, ng thi n c cc tnh cht ring trong tng tc trng. Tnh cht quan trng nht  l tnh cht tc dng trng phn no ging nh s biu th Vector trong ton hc p dng cho vt l  tng tc trng ny gi l vector hp dn, s t hp ph thuc vo phng, chiu v v tr trong ton b vng khng gian tng tc trng. Do , c nhng vng khng gian gi tr trng l tng v c nhng vng gi tr tng hp trng li gim. Xt cho s tng tc l tng ca 2 ht hp dn th lun tn ti mt vng khng gian trng, ti  gi tr khng gian trng cc tiu (= 0). Vt cht khng c gi tr m i vi gi tr khng gian trng, v vy trong tng tc phi ch ra loi trng, v tr, phng, chiu v gi tr ca cc trng tham gia tng tc v t hp. Vt cht ch gm 3 ht c bn, mi ht c bn c tnh cht ring trong tng tc trng vi cc trng cn li ca cc ht khc, mi ht c bn c hm phn b trng trong khng gian trng ring ca mnh do vy, thc t vi mi loi ht v mi loi trng ta phi c mt dng hm ton hc  biu th tnh cht v kh nng tng tc ca trng  v s lin quan trong tng hp trng ca cc ht th cp cc cp. Nh vy ton hc l cng c ca vt l, xut pht t cc tnh cht, cc c trng ca vt l m xy dng nn cc phng php tnh ton ph hp v tin li. S lc m hnh ht hp dn v trng  EMBED Equation.3    (3) (2) (3)  1. Vng khng gian bo ho a=const ; 2,3. Vng khng gian cha bo ho Thc t, ht hp dn mi c bit n thng qua tr s c trng  Khi lng qun tnh " ca vt cht v cc tnh cht tng tc khng phi l in nh: Lc hp dn, Lc ht nhn. Cc c tnh th hin trong t nhin  c bit, v tng tc v c tnh khng gian trng di bo ho c lc ht hp dn, s cn bng gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ca ht hp dn (S to ra chuyn ng v lc ly tm), s lu gi tr trng trong khng gian trng (Qun tnh ca vt cht), m hnh c trng l h hnh tinh,  v) m l h mt tri, ngn h, h ngn h & , vi m l m hnh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t,  l cc trng thi n nh bn trong iu kin hin ti. V c tnh ca vng khng gian bo ho trng l gi tr khng gian trng khng i trong ton b vng khng gian bo ho trng,  Kch thc  t bin ht hp dn theo phng hng knh n gii hn bin vng khng gian bo ho trng l hng s, vng khng gian bo ho trng trong t hp ht ca ht bn th cp phi m bo hm s cn bng (Hm s ny phi rt ra t s liu thc nghim qua cc phn ng phn hch, nht hch v cc hin tng khc trong thc t c chn lc, phn tch nh gi nh hng ca cc yu t tng tc trng khc c lin quan). Qu trnh tng tc v gii phng trng bo ho ca trng hp dn din ra trong t nhin l phn ng nhit hch  cc ngi sao (Mt tri), ni y cc nguyn t nh c tng hp thnh nguyn t ln hn nh ngun  nhit ln v  p sut  ln, h qu l lng bc x Foton pht ra cng s ht  khi lng  ca  sao  . Trong qu trnh phn r ht nhn ca cc nguyn t  nng  , t nhng nguyn t vi tc dng ca cc yu t khc nh cc ht nng lng cao, mt  gii hn v.v. to nn cc phn ng phn hch cng vi s ht khi lng v gii phng trng th cp. Trn y l im qua cc m hnh tng tc trng ca vng khng gian bo ho trng trng hp dn, trong thc t cc tng tc t hp trng khng ch c trng hp dn tham gia m cn c s tham gia ca t hp trng D+, D- v m hnh t hp ht cing nh  ln ca t hp ht tham gia, do  cc dng tng tc trng trn cn l rt phc tp  cho ra mt hm c th thng nht trong vic tnh ton. T m hnh, ta thy s tng tc trng theo chiu (Quy c t tm ht xt hng ra ngoi theo phng hng knh, gi tr trng ln nht t gii hn khng gian bo ho trng v bng 0  xa v cng),th s tng khi tng hp l cng hng v gim khi ngc hng tng hp. S tng hp trng theo quan im c lp khng gian trng. Ngh)a l gi tr trng c lp ca khng gian trng ph thuc vo v tr (quy v tm ht xt) v gi tr ca trng bo ho sinh ra n. Thc t, tng qut cc trng tng tc theo s  (s c lp theo m hnh tng tc ca hai ht lm v d): EMBED Equation.3  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  ( = 0 ( 3600 EMBED Equation.31-2(A)EMBED Equation.3= EMBED Equation.31A +EMBED Equation.32A (Xt 1 im) Hin ti, s ph thuc  biu din qua nh lut Newton: F = ( EMBED Equation.3EMBED Equation.3 Thc t s tng tc trng l phc tp trong ton b khng gian trng. i lng ta cn bit l gi tr trng ph thuc khng gian ring, n v tng tc l EMBED Equation.3. Do khng c iu kin thc nghim, ta coi nh lut Newton l ng, kt hp vi l thuyt phn b khng gian trng ring ca trng hp dn c th:     (3)  (2) (3) Mp A Mp C Mp B Ly 2 ht hp dn c th: h1, h2, tng ng vi ngh)a ca m1, m2 trong nh lut Newton. Ta c 3 mt phng c bn phn chia cc khng gian trng trong tng tc. Theo quy lut tng tc, trng hp dn c 3 vng trng tng ng 0, 1,2,3. Mt phng A v B gii hn 2 vng khng gian trng thay i gi tr trng (Theo quy tc tng t t hp vector c hng), s thay i l lin tc, ng thi ph thuc vo v tr khng gian ring trn cc mt phng . Mt phng C, i xng s thay i gi tr trng trong khng gian tng tc trng, to nn nhng ng trn ng tr trng vi tm O c gi tr tng hp vector trng hp dn bng 0. ng thi  xa v cc, gi tr trng coi nh bng 0. Trng l lin tc trong s thay i, do  vi m hnh trn ta c cc mt cong ng tr. T m hnh tng tc, cc vng 0, 2 c gi tr tng hp trng gim, vng 3 c gi tr trng tng. Theo tnh cht trng trong khng gian trng ring ca mi ht, c s chnh lch gi tr trng, do  to nn s chuyn di khng gian trng tng i gia 2 ht m b ngoi l cm nhn  lc tng tc  ca 2 ht. Qu trnh tng tc, v l thuyt c kh nng sy ra 2 trng hp: Hoc l dng li  gii hn bin ca 2 min khng gian bo ho trng, to nn t hp ht vi gi tr trng tng ng ca 2h, hoc trong qu trnh tng tc t ti gii hn  ph v  khng gian bo ho trng, sau qu trnh, m bo kch thc a = const (ng hn, tun theo quy lut hm phn b trng khng gian bo ho) v gii phng trng, phn no c nhn nhn qua cng thc Einsten: (E = (m.c2 Sau tng hp c gi tr trng H2 = 2H1 - (H Xt v m hnh c lp, th qu trnh tng tc l s chuyn ng tng i trn nguyn l m bo v tin ti m bo cn bng gi tr khng gian trng. Bi vy, trng hp dn c tnh nh x gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ring v tnh lu gi tr trng trong khng gian , do vy trong qu trnh tng tc trng, s chuyn ng nhm cn bng trng chnh lch gia cc vng c bn, din ra trong mt khong thi gian no  m thc t ch ra i lng gia tc cing nh vn tc trong khong khng gian trng tng tc.Trong th gii v) m vi s c lp n nh tng i, gia tc trn tri t khc vi gia tc trn mt trng l mt v d. Tng qut, ta c hm hp dn trong khng gian ring: f(H) = EMBED Equation.3 Hm trng l mt hm c th, hin ti cha xc nh c chnh xc. i vi vng tng tc trng cha bo ho, xt tng qut v thng sy ra trong t nhin c cc trng hp sau vi s tng tc trng gia t hp vt cht vi t hp vt cht. Gi tr trng l t hp trng ca tt c cc ht thnh phn, tm quy chiu ca khng gian ring ly tm ca khi. Quy cc dng tng tc trng v dng tng qut 2 khi lng hp dn. Ta c s  tng tc ca hai khi tm ca hai vt hp dn sau:  r     1b 0 2b X  Mp A Mp C Mp B H1 >> H2 EMBED Equation.3= r ; r1 EMBED Equation.3 H1 ; r2 EMBED Equation.3 H2 ; x EMBED Equation.3 r ; O EMBED Equation.3 r - r2 Nu x EMBED Equation.3 r2 to mt phng i xng o Mt phng C (v l thuyt) nm trong khong mt phng mt phng A n mt phng B. im O ch c th chy t 1b - 2b gi l O thc, im O EMBED Equation.3 r2 l im o. Khong cch  dng  r ch cho ta bit hm t hp tc thi, ng thi ga tr trng trong cc vng khng gian ring ca tng khi ph thuc cht vo r (2 khi xt n nh v ga tr bo ho trng) nn s chnh lch gi tr trng ca cc vng khng gian ring ca mt khi l khc nhau theo bin thin ca r to nn hin tng thay i gia tc theo  cao trn tri t. S tng tc trng to nn cc vng khng gian trng chnh lch gi tr trng,  tm n s cn bng gi tr trng cng vi c tnh nh x v lu gi tr trng, hai khi vt cht t chuyn ng  cn bng gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng ring ca mi khi. Tu vo kh nng t cn bng gi tr trng trong mi chuyn ng m tn ti mi chuyn ng thch hp nh thng, cong, quay. im O thc nh hng ln ti kh nng to ra cc loi qu o chuyn ng khc nhau i vi 1 trong 2 khi tng tc trng. Chuyn ng quay n nh phin nh, iu kin cn l im O thuc bin ngoi ca 2 mt cu 1b,2b, iu kin  khi qu trnh t hp tng tc trng cn bng phin nh v m bo r = const (Tng qut l nh lut Kippler), nh vy xut hin yu t nh x gi tr trng trong khng gian trng v kh nng lu (tr) gi tr trng trong khng gian tng tc trng cing nh mt  gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng ring ca mt khi vt cht khi chuyn ng trong 1 khng gian trng ring ca 1 khi vt cht khc. Chuyn ng thng hng tm trong tng tc trng ca 2 khi vt cht th im O thuc 1b-2b, im O tin t thc n o theo bin thin ca r. Nh vy trong qu trnh tng tc trng ca 2 khi lun xut hin cc vng khng gian trng c gi tr trng chnh lch cng ln to nn chuyn ng tng i ga 2 khi, do c tnh nh x v lu gi tr trng chng li s bin thin gi tr trng trong khng gian tng tc trng nn s chuyn ng din ra theo thi gian gi l vn tc chuyn ng, s chnh lch gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng thay i theo r, r gim th s chnh lch gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng khc nhau cng ln v vn tc chuyn ng cng tng theo thi gian to ra cc gi l gia tc chuyn ng. Thc t c th coi 2 khi vt cht tng tc vi nhau nh l 2 khi cu khng gian trng v cng ln tng tc vi nhau m gi tr khng gian trng di bo ho ln nht ti bin ht xt quy nh bi gi tr tng hp bo ho trng ca cc ht thnh phn, bng 0  v cc. Vi tnh cht phn b trng trong khng gian ca ht hp dn, c tnh tng tc trng hp dn i vi trng hp dn, nh vy vng khng gian gii hn bi 2 mt phng A, B lun b gim gi tr trng, cn cc pha cn li ca cc mt phng A, B gi tr tng hp trng tng ln, ng thi tr s gi tr trng trong khng gian trng trn thay i tuyt i theo bin thin ca r nn gia tc chuyn ng thay i theo r, ph thuc hm phn b khng gian trng tng hp im O thc ti  tng hp gi tr trng bng 0, to mt phng vung gc EMBED Equation.3 qua O ta c cc ng trn ng tr, c gi tr t hp trng xt t tm O n v cng trn mt phng  l ng cong lin tc do hm t hp trng dng vector to ra c 2 gi tr 0 ti im O v ti v cc. Chuyn ng cong ni chung, u do t hp tng tc trng ca cc t hp vt cht gy nn, khi chuyn ng cong, vng khng gian trng gii hn bi qu o chuyn ng bn ngoi c gi tr tng hp trng gim trn mt n v khng gian trng, cn vng khng gian trng bn trong gii hn qu o chuyn ng th gi tr khng gian trng tng trn mt n v khng gian trng, nh vy t hp tng tc trng ca 2 khi vt cht t 2 phng khc nhau ban u s to nn chuyn ng cong, chuyn ng cong s chuyn thnh chuyn ng quay n nh khi m 2 vt tng tc t hp trng i n cn bng phin nh gi tr khng gian trng chung. i vi v tr O l o trong tng tc trng ca 2 vt c xt th khng th to nn chuyn ng quay cn bng phin nh, n ch tn ti dng chuyn ng cong, thng hng lao vo tm. Cc vt tng tc to nn chuyn ng, s chuyn ng phi c qu trnh thng qua i lng vn tc, gia tc, ngh)a l phi c thi gian tng tc. Vy qu trnh cn bng trng trong chuyn ng ca ht hp dn thng qua khi nim gia tc ni ln kh nng lu ga tr trng trong khng gian ring  cing nh s chng li bin thin gi tr trng trong khng gian tng tc trng. C th ni kh nng lu gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ring l thi gian ring ca trng hp dn. Vt l c c cc cng thc: F = EMBED Equation.3EMBED Equation.3 (1) g = EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3(2) M v t. gv = EMBED Equation.3 (3) M v t. EMBED Equation.3. EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 (4) T (1), r ch ra gi tr hm khng gian trng ring, ph thuc vo v tr khng gian trng ring. Nu EMBED Equation.3 = 0 th khng th c tnh tr ca gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ring khi tng tc trng, do  EMBED Equation.3 ni ln kh nng lu gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ring ca trng hp dn. Trong cng thc (4) dng cho chuyn ng cong ca mt khi vt cht i vi mt khi vt cht khc ng yn tng i v n, s cn bng phin nh trng xut pht v n nh t bn cht chuyn ng, r rng khi chuyn ng cong, vt chuyn ng cong t to cho mnh cc vng khng gian trng tng ng c tr s gi tr khng gian trng cn bng vi t hp tng tc trng hp dn vi khi vt cht kia. Mt vt c lp th hm phn b trng l u theo cc vng khng gian trng tng ng, khi b b cong qu o th tng gi tr trng trong ton b khng gian trng nm ngoi qu o bng tng gi tr trng trong ton b khng gian trng nm trong qu o chuyn ng, nh th mt  (gi tr trng trn mt n v khng gian trng) trng tng v n lun c xu hng chng li s tng ca mt  trng tc l chng li s cong qu o cu chuyn ng, ng ngh)a vi hin tng chng lao vo tm cong ca qu o chuyn ng. Hin ti hng s EMBED Equation.3 xc nh: EMBED Equation.3 = (6.67 EMBED Equation.3).10-11m3kg-1s-2 EMBED Equation.3 Mang ngh)a ca hng s lu gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ring cing l thi gian trng ring ca trng hp dn. S chuyn ng ch c ngh)a l s chuyn ng ca vt ny vi vt kia, trong s tng tc hoc chuyn ho trc tip ca cc vng khng gian trng ring, vi nguyn tc tin ti cn bng gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng ring tng ng. M hnh tng tc trng hp dn ca vng khng gian trng di bo ho i vi 2 khi vt cht, s tng tc trng l c lp i vi mi khi, qu trnh tng tc l tng ng nhau. Ngh)a l khi vt cht s chuyn ng  cn bng gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng tng ng. Vt cht tn ti trong t nhin l t hp cc loi ht c bn vi cc trng c bn v cc trng pht sinh, tu tng iu kin c th c cc dng chuyn ng khc nhau vi cc vai tr khc nhau ca cc trng tham gia chuyn ng hoc chuyn ho trng nhm t ti trng thi cn bng mi n nh hn. Cc dng chuyn ng thng thy hin ti: Chuyn ng c kh, chuyn ng in, chuyn ng nhit, vv. Cc dng chuyn ng thng c quan h qua li vi nhau, chuyn ng c kh, thc t ch mang tnh cht trung gian cho cc chuyn ng trng ni chung. S chuyn ng phc tp ca cc khi vt cht mang tnh cht hp dn  vng khng gian trng cha bo ho quy v 2 dng sau:  I _ _ II  + + H2ma  VQ  - - IV + + III  V2  OA Hmin OB   V1  H1max HA HBEMBED Equation.3 S tng tc trng s gii phng trng,  l iu tt yu, m vt l hin ti gi l ng nng, theo n v chung ca nng lng. Qu trnh gii phng trng ph thuc gi tr t hp trng tng tc vi gii hn trng ca khng gian trng v gi hn ca cc trng c chuyn ho. V d s b s sinh nhit khi va p, to la khi cc vt rn p mnh vi nhau v s n trong bom ht nhn khi 2 khi Uran va p mnh. S tng tc trng hp dn trong vng khng gian bo ho trng trn c s m bo kch thc khng gian bo ho a = const v gii phng trng pht sinh. Thc t, yu t khng gian hnh hc ca t hp ht ng mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh tng tc trng. Qu trnh tng tc sy ra khi c s qu bo ho trng tc thi,  ph v gii hn khng gian bo ho trng trong khi t hp trng, tin n mt m hnh khng gian trng mi cn bng, n nh ti iu kin mi. Thc t, vt l  bit n qu trnh ny trong cc phn ng ht nhn, nhng  phm vi cc ht bn th cp. V l thuyt, kh c th tch c ht  h  thnh ht c lp v thc t l khng th tch c ht  h  thnh ht c lp. Hin ti, ht  h  tn ti  cc dng ht bn th cp, tu thuc vo iu kin trng tng hp c th m c trong cc ht e, p, n,  ht l  vi s sinh, t bt thng nh vt l hin ti  ch ra. V khch quan, s t hp cc ht  h phi xt n qu trnh tng tc vi cc ht d- d+ v cc yu t nh hng ti gi tr khng gian trng bo ho cing nh yu t hnh hc trong tng tc trng to kh nng tng tc ca cc vng khng gian trng ring. C s  xt v xc nh  h xut pht t cc ht bn th cp e, p, n, da vo cc cu trc khng gian kh d) ca cc ht, kt hp vi cc s liu thc nghim trong cc phn ng ht nhn, ng thi quy i cc gi tr tng ng trong chuyn i gi tr trng, ta xc nh gi tr c th ca ht  h . S bn vng ca t hp trng trong ht bn th cp cc cp da trn c s trong qu trnh tng tc trng c gii phng hoc chuyn ho trng m bo cn bng v n nh gi tr khng gian trng ti iu kin xt. Nh vy, tng qut m xt, s to thnh ht bn th cp cp ln hn thng gii phng trng pht sinh, mc  bn ca ht mi c nh gi theo gi tr khng gian trng c gii phng, v ht bn th cp, cp nh hn c to thnh t ht th cp, cp ln hn nh s chuyn ho trng t cc dng trng khc thng qua cc trng pht sinh lm trung gian  khi phc li cc gi tr khng gian trng, to t hp ht bn mi ti iu kin t hp.  bn ca cc ht bn th cp ph thuc nhiu yu t, trong  c nh hng ca tng gi tr trng c gii phng, cu trc hnh hc khng gian trng ca cc ht tng tc, iu kin t hp trng ca khng gian trng m ht  tn ti. Thc t ch ra rng, cc ht tng tc vi nhau th to ra cc cu trc khng gian hnh hc v tu s lng ht tham gia tng tc cing nh iu kin tng tc m c cc cu trc khng gian hnh hc trng khc nhau, c  bn v cc tnh cht khc nhau. Nh vy s tn ti nhng m hnh cu trc khng gian hnh hc l tng trong tng tc trng cho mt s ht bn th cp cing nh mt s cp, m   ht c coi l bn hn c i vi mi trng nht nh. T thc t vt l, cc ht c coi l bn c p, e-, (, v cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, cc phn t, cao phn t. C th coi p, e-, ( l nhng cu hnh n gin trong t hp khng gian hnh hc ca cc ht c bn bn nht, vi cc gi tr vng khng gian trng t do l nh nht, cn bng nht (vng khng gian trng t do l vng c kh nng tng tc trng mnh hn cc vng khng gian trng khc tng ng, khi t hp tng tc trng H vi trng D+, D-, trong cu hnh khng gian ca cc ht tng tc). Khi t hp cc ht th cp cp nguyn t, ta thy nh hng ca cu hnh khng gian tng tc trng l rt r rt, s nh hng ca cc trng H, D+, D-, bi cu trc khng gian hnh hc ca cc ht tham gia tng tc l rt ln, theo chu k cu trc, trn nguyn tc cn bng gi tr tng hp trng D+, D- trong ton b khng gian trng, song s chnh lch gi tr trng tng hp cc b l khc nhau, vi cc vng khng gian trng t do khc nhau v nh hng ca trng H trong t hp trng cing khc nhau ( cng lin kt trong trng thi vt cht  iu kin thng, vv), trn mt chu k nguyn t ho hc, cc chu k trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc. C th coi kh tr l m hnh cu trc khng gian hnh hc phn b trng in D+, D- l hp l nht v trng H c khng gian trng t do l nh nht (xt trng thi lin kt phn t khi ho lng, khong tn ti trng thi lng) Vng khng gian bo ho trng H tng tc mnh vi cc vng khng gian bo ho trng D, lm thay i trc tip ti gi tr gi tr bo ho trng ca ht h. S bn vng ca cc ht mang in do trong qu trnh tng tc trng H, D c gii phng trng  vng khng gian bo ho trng, thc nghim kh c th a ra kt lun c th, song t iu kin tn ti bn ca cc ht v s o thc nghim s b suy on: Trng D- trong e- lm gii phng trng H nhiu hn trng D+ trong p (Th gii hin ti l n nh, cc quy lut nhiu khi phi tun theo s n nh , v xc sut  to nn s n nh  s nghing v tnh tri ban u trong tng tc trng  gii phng trng hoc khi phc trng), tt nhin cc ht hu ht u c phn ht, song s chuyn ho tc thi cha th ni ln kh nng tng tc v gii phng trng ca cc ht. S liu v cc ht  c bn  trong vt l ht nhn, s b v s sinh, t v bin i ca cc ht ni ln s tng tc trng, chuyn i trng, iu kin tn ti cc tng tc trng l phc tp. Kh c th tm ra c nh tnh cing nh nh lng c th nh nhng trang sch ph thng,  i ti nhng quy lut tng tc trng chnh xc. Xt cc ht bn theo n v khi lng ngh m0: e- ~ 1 m0 (1) p ~ 1836.2 m0 (2) n ~ 1838.6 m0 (3) e+ ~ 1m0 (4) e- + e+ EMBED Equation.32 EMBED Equation.3 (5) n + EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 p + e- + EMBED Equation.3 vi EMBED Equation.3e-, e+ (6) p EMBED Equation.3n + e+ + EMBED Equation.3 (7) T (1), (2) thy m hnh khng gian tng tc trng cing nh kh nng tng tc trng ca h i vi d-, d+ l khc nhau. Do (4) khng bn,nn ch coi n l trung gian tng tc trng. T (5), khng gian trng bo ho H b  bin mt  do hai trng D+, D- ng tng tc (Phn ng gia ht v phn ht), gii phng trng photon (F). Vy trong khng gian, ngoi trng F c gii phng cn c nhng ht tn ti m khng c  khi lng  v khng c  in tch  , chng c th c  khi phc  trong iu kin thch hp. T (6), (7) ta thy s bin i l phc tp, bi ht n l khng bn. Cc ht e-, p l ht nhn c bn to nn nguyn t (cp ht bn th cp quan trng nht to nn vt cht n nh hin ti), c nhng c ch tng tc trng khc hn vi s tng tc ca cc ht v phn ht ca chng,  y phi xem xt k cu trc khng gian hnh hc tng tc trng vi tng khng gian trng ca tng ht v cc vng khng gian trng t do ca cc trng c bn trong cc ht . C th cm nhn rng cc e tng tc vi p cng nh hng ca n s to thnh nhng nguyn t c quy lut chung l nhng m hnh hnh tinh cn bng, n nh. Khi  xt nh hng ca yu t chnh lch khi lng ln gi p v e v cc iu kin cn bng phin nh nh  xt  phn tng tc trng hp dn vng di bo ho cng cc yu t khc ca cc vng khng gian trng t do ring. Ly hai ht e v p lm c s, lp m hnh tng tc ht h vi d-, d+ : e- = n1h + d- ~ neH + D- p = n2h + d+ ~ nPH + D+ Cc ht c bn l s nguyn trong mi s tng tc, khng gian trng c bn t do ph thuc vo cu hnh tng tc trng v lng cc trng tham gia tng tc. Thc nghim vt l lng t ch ra rng, cc in tch l s nguyn, khi lng bin thin, tm cho rng khi tng tc cc ht d- hoc d+ vi cc ht h th gi tr khng gian bo ho trng D gi nguyn, cn gi tr khng gian bo ho trng H b gii phng, hay ni cch khc, khng gian bo ho trng D lm cho vng khng gian bo ho trng H vt qu gii hn bo ho trng, to nn s gii phng trng H, s ht khi lng din ra. Qua cc phn ng sinh ht, hu ht ca vt l ht nhn, xt nh hng ca iu kin phn ng nh loi n (ht chuyn ng), nng lng tin hnh (gi tr trng tng hp tham gia phn ng),  xc nh s gii phng trng qu bo ho cing nh s khi phc gi tr khng gian bo ho trng. iu ny phi s dng nhiu s lng cc phn ng ht nhn vi y  cc thng s cn thit. iu quan tm hin nay l khng gian bo ho trng H tng tc vi khng gian trng D ni chung theo c ch no? Bi v kch thc ca ht c bn ni chung, ta khng xc nh c, kch thc khng gian bo ho trng ca ht c bn ta cing khng xc nh c, do  khi 2 loi ht c bn tng tc vi nhau, s nh hng ca kch thc ht i vi khng gian trng bo ho trng ca cc trng tham gia tng tc. Hin ti c th coi ht e l n ht, song ht p c v nh l phc ht, nh  bit s bn vng v n nh ca mt ht ph thuc vo lng khng gian trng bo ho c gii phng v cc vng khng gian trng bo ho t do. Ht e- bn, song e+ khng bn, nh  ni, s bn ca mt ht ph thuc c vo iu kin tn ti ca ht  v cc ht v phn ht lun t hu, hay ni ng hn l phn ng mnh vi nhau, gii phng trng pht sinh. Ht v phn ht l cc ht c cu to tng t nhau, khc nhau bi ht d- hoc d+ m thi. Nh vy, c th ni cc phn ht khng th tn ti bn trong cc ht ca chng, y thuc v c tnh ca trng D (s xt sau). V ht p l bn, nn c th ni n c cu hnh khng gian trng hp l, coi n khng phi l m hnh hnh tinh, c ngh)a l trong n ch c mt loi trng D+ do ht d+ trng tc vi cc ht h to nn. C v ht p khng bn nh ht e bi s chuyn ho gia p v n . Vi gi tr m0 l s o khi lng ngh ca cc ht, ch tm coi n l gi tr khng gian trng bo ho H t do trong ht e. Trong qu trnh tng tc cc ht c cha bao gm c trng H, D, cc vng khng gian bo ho trng H t do cing tng tc vi nhau trn c s gi tr kch thc khng gian bo trng l hm s c nh. Nh vy, khi tng tc t hp trng H, vi gi tr khng gian trng bo ho l hng s s xy ra qu trnh gii phng trng qu bo ho thnh cc trng pht sinh v to ra ci gi l  ht khi  trong vt l hin ti vi tng gi tr trng bo ho H ca ht mi nh tng gi tr trng bo ho H ca cc ht thnh phn ban u. Trong cc qu trnh tng tc trng v gii phng trng cing nh khi ph gi tr trng bo ho, th h s chuyn i gi tr trng l iu rt quan trng, trn c s bo ton tuyt i gi tr trng bo ho quy i tng ng. Nh th ch c th s dng cc s liu thc nghim trong cc phn ng sinh ht v hu ht (thc cht l cc qu trnh gii phng v khi phc gi tr trng bo ho)  xc nh hm quy i gia cc trng. Cc tnh cht c bn ca ht hp dn h v trng hp dn H: 1- Ht hp dn c hai vng khng gian trng: - Vng khng gian bo ho trng vi thng s khng gian trng c bn a = const H = const - Vng khng gian di bo ho trng c gi tr trng thay i theo bn knh r tnh t bin khng gian bo ho trng, ln nht ti bin khng gian bo ho trng, bng khng  v cc. 2- Qu trnh tng tc, t hp khng gian trng bo ho ca cc ht hp dn phi m bo gi tr khng gian bo ho l hm s khng i, gi tr trng trong khng gian trng bo ho l hng s v gii phng trng pht sinh Fton F. Ht mi ch tn ti v bn trong mt iu kin nht nh ca t hp trng. 3- Khng gian bo ho trng H tng tc mnh khng gian bo ho trng D ni chung. Qu trnh tng tc da trn c s lm gim trng H v gii phng trng F to ht bn, n nh nht trong cc ht  bit. y l iu kin m bo th gii vt cht tn ti n nh nh c tnh trng H di bo ho. 4- Vng khng gian trng H quy nh gi tr trng hp dn i vi vng khng gian di bo ho trng trong cc tng tc. 5- Gi tr trng hp dn di bo ho ti mt im trong khng gian trng ph thuc vo v tr so vi tm khi trng bo ho. Trong tng tc, trng hp dn di bo ho mang tnh cht vector hp dn, c chiu hng tm, c phng hng ra ngoi. 6- Trng hp dn ti vng khng gian di bo ho trng c tnh nh x gi tr trng trong khng gian trng v lun chng li s thay i gi tr trng trong khng gian . Mi tng tc trng  vng khng gian trng di bo ho trng u dn n s cn bng, n nh gi tr trng ca khng gian trng cha bo ho 7- Khng gian trng hp cha bo ho khng tc dng (tng tc trng) vi cc vng khng gian cha bo ho ca trng in ni chung. Ht hp dn l nng ct ca vt cht, n mang trn mnh cc ht in  to nn tnh a dng, s n nh cu trc vt cht, s tng tc, chuyn i trng phong ph trong mt th gii mun mu sng ng. Ph ch: Vector hp dn Xt m hnh hai ht hp dn, vi s phn b trng c lp tng tc vi nhau:  EMBED Equation.3H EMBED Equation.3H  EMBED Equation.3H   F F Thc t 2 khi H1, H2 ht nhau, gi tr trng gia hai khi gim v ngoi hai khi tng theo hm r tng ng. Nh vy, c tnh trng vector hp dn theo xu th lm cn bng gi tr khng gian trng tng ti mc n nh mi, bn hn. HT - TRNG IN Hin ti cc ht in u tn ti  dng ht bn th cp ng, l thnh phn to nn s n nh ca nguyn t thuc nguyn t ho hc trong trong t nhin. Do  cc tnh cht ca chng b nh hng ca s tng hp trng phc tp. C hai loi ht c bn mang in: Ht in dng d+ v ht in m d- . V c tnh tng tc trng l tng t nhau, chng khc nhau bi mang tnh cht trng c coi l i lp, thc cht l bn cht trng khc nhau. Trng in trong thc tin c nhiu tnh cht, ng dng nht, chng linh ng trong tng tc trng v chuyn ho trng, khi phc gi tr trng. Tnh in hin din  mi lc mi ni. Cc c tnh  ch yu xut pht t t hp trng phc tp ca vt cht, chng nh hng bi cc trng khc cing nh cc vng khng gian trng t do ring. Nh vy xt tnh cht trng in phi xut pht t cc tnh cht in trong thc t t nhin, xt nh hng ca t hp cc trng khc tc ng ln n. Thc t tn ti 2 khi nim: T)nh in v dng in. Xt t)nh in, v mt th hin c v n c trng cho ht in trong trng thi c lp khng tng tc trng i vi vng khng gian cha bo ho trng, mc d ht in  din vi m n ang chuyn ng khng ngng. nh lut Coulomb: EMBED Equation.3 E =EMBED Equation.3 E = EMBED Equation.3 - Vt mang in ph thuc vo vt liu lm nn n,  l s nh hng tng hp trng, song cc tnh cht trng in li tng t nhau, do  trng in vn th hin c lp i vi vt cht. - S tp trung in tch  cc im nhn l bng chng ca s cn bng gi tr khng gian trng phn b. - Hiu ng p in thun v nghch cho ta thy s chuyn i trng v khi phc gi tr trng in c th lin quan t trng hp dn (xt k li theo thc nghim) - Trng in tng tc theo dng vector, c phng hng knh, c chiu hng ra t tm ht n v cc, c tr s ph thuc vo v tr l hm ca r . - Tng hp tng tc trng in cng loi theo nguyn tc: tng hp vector in n tnh (Xem ph ch) - Tng hp tng tc trng in m D-, trng in dng D+ theo quy tc: tng hp vector in lng tnh. (xem ph ch) Ph ch: - Vector trng in n tnh (chung cho tng loi ht d+, d- )  EMBED Equation.3E EMBED Equation.3E  F EMBED Equation.3E F  Thc t cc ht in cng du, khi tng tc th y nhau. Nh vy, c tnh ca vector trng n n tnh nhm tin ti trng thi cn bng n nh gi tr khng gian trng ban u vn c ca tng ht. - Vector trng in lng tnh D-, D+.   EMBED Equation.3 F EMBED Equation.3 F EMBED Equation.3EMBED Equation.3   Cc ht in d+, d- lun ht nhau, cng  in trng tng khi trng D+, D- ngc chiu v gim khi cng chiu, cng  in trng c th c trng cho gi tr t hp trng ti khng gian , nh vy, ta c m hnh nh tnh tng tc trng ca cc trng c bn. - S tng tc trng in thng qua thi gian trng tng tc, qu trnh thay i gi tr trng tng tc khng phi l tc thi, ni ln kh nng lu gi tr trng ca trng in trong khng gian, hin ti c th coi s vn tc truyn dn in l c trng lu gi tr trng ca trng n. - Trng in trong tng tc vi trng in, th khng gian trng tng tc lun c xu hng chng li mi s bin thin gi tr trng trong khng gian trng tng tc , to nn s nh x gi tr trng trong khng gian tng tc trng. Thc t, trng n lun gn lin vi vt cht c th, vt cht c chia thnh cc trng thi: rn, lng, kh, plasma v mi trng coi nh khng c vt cht  l chn khng, th trng in th hin tnh cht ca mnh ph thuc vo tng iu kin nht nh, nhng bn cht ca trng in vn khng i. T khi nim in tch trong t)nh in v dng in trong truyn dn in ta c khi nim v vng khng gian trng in bo ho, t khi nim in trng trong t)nh in v t trng trong truyn dn in ta c khi nim v khng gian trng in vng cha bo ho. Khng gian trng in bo ho ca ht in  d  thc t, b nh hng bi t hp trng phc tp trong tng tc trng H v cc t hp trng th cp khc. Vt cht c cc khi nim tng i: Vt nhim in, vt tch in, vt cch in, vt dn in, vt bn dn, vt siu dn v cc gi tr iu kin gii hn ca cc khi nim trn, c ci l s chuyn tip lin tc, c ci l gii hn bc nhy, nh vy ch c ngh)a l, trong qu trnh t hp trng, s rng buc gia cc trng, khng gian trng in bo ho t do ng vai tr quan trng trong truyn dn v tng tc trng in bo ho. Kh nng tch in cing nh kh nng truyn dn in ph thuc vo khng gian trng in bo ho t do v kh nng khi phc khng gian bo ho trng in trong t hp trng ca vt cht  ht bn th cp cp cao nht. Vi m hnh vt l hin ti ca nguyn t, th cc in t chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn v cn bng in tch vi ht nhn, nhng coi nh khng sinh ra t trng khi chuyn ng nh trong truyn dn in (s trit tiu t trng do tng hp cc chuyn ng hn lon), vi tng cc in tch (e) chuyn ng th sinh ra t trng, vy bn cht ca truyn dn in l g? R rng  l s truyn dn khng gian trng in bo ho t do, vi i lng hin ti l in p, vy c phi s truyn dn bt buc phi c  in tch mang  hay khng? Khi nim in t t do nn quy v gi tr khng gian trng in bo ho t do, nh vy mi tng tc, truyn dn in chuyn sang tng tc khng gian trng in. Xt cc kh nng sinh ra dng in: a- Dng in do pin nhit in: Hai kim loi hn vi nhau  2 u v nhit   2 u l khc nhau. b - Dng in do pin quang in: Hai vt liu l khc nhau, mt trong hai kim loi c  nhy nh sng cao, khi nh sng vi bc sng thch hp chiu qua 2 vt liu . c - Dng in do pin ho hc: in cc l hai vt c th in ho khc nhau nm trong mt dung dch in li. d - Dng in do cht p in gy ra: Cc cht p in, di p lc ngoi th sinh ra hiu in th ti cc mt i din ca bn. e - Dng in do cc vt tch in khc nhau: Dng in sinh ra khi hai vt tng tc vi nhau nh cc qu cu tch in, t in, cc m my & h - Dng in do t trng bin thin trong vt dn gy ra: Khi vt dn chuyn ng ct ngang ng sc t trng th sinh ra in p gia 2 u. Xt tng qut l mi s bin thin trng in di bo ho trong vt dn (bin thin gi tr trng, v tr khng gian nh x gi tr trng, phng chiu trng in di bo ho.) f  S sinh in tch do ma st. Bn cht ca cc hin tng trn, u to, tng v duy tr cc gi tr khng gian bo ho trng in t do trong vt dn ti vng tc dng. C th tng trng hp cn c nhiu c ch phc tp trong ni b t hp trng vt cht. Trong dng in ta c cc hin tng truyn cc gi tr khng gian bo ho trng t do t phn t ny sang phn t khc, trong qu trnh  thng sy ra hin tng thay i cu trc t hp trng tc thi, ph v th cn bng vn n nh, thay i cc vng khng gian trng tham gia tng tc, to nn s chuyn i trng v gii phng trng pht sinh (N, F). C dng in th c t trng, r rng, t trng l trng in di bo ho do khng gian trng in bo ho t do chuyn ng. Theo m hnh ng sc t trng ca on dy dn thng c dng in chy qua:  I  r  (( EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 ( B Cng thc Ampere: dB = EMBED Equation.3I (dl, EMBED Equation.3( Dng in cng ln th t trng cng ln. Xt vector cm ng t EMBED Equation.3 c phng vung gc vi mt phng cha dng in I v khong cch t im xt n dng in, chiu theo quy tc vn nt chai, y l iu khc vi in trng. T trng cn tn ti trong t nhin  dng nam chm v)nh cu, m bn cht ca n l t d. Nh vy trong nam chm v)nh cu khng c dng in nhng t tnh ca n vn tn ti, nu gi thit khng c tc ng ca bn ngoi th t tnh khng mt i theo thi gian, v vi mt thanh nam chm v)nh cu ta c hai cc, khi b i ta li c hai nam chm, nh vy trong ni ti vt cht lun duy tr n nh t trng. Gi thit khi vt cht lm nam chm v)nh cu khi cha t ho th cha c t tnh, v mt no  nh vt liu bnh thng, khi c t ho mnh, t d ch thnh nam chm v)nh cu, t trng ngoi  thay i cu hnh khng gian t hp trng ca vt cht b t d v gi c cu hnh khng gian trng  trong nhng iu kin xc nh. Nh  bit c dng in th c t trng, ch c th trong lng nam chm t v)nh cu tn ti mt dng dng in, c th ni n l hin tng siu dn ni ti, lun duy tr  c t tnh v)nh cu. Ta  bit, theo m hnh nguyn t, cc in t chuyn ng quanh ht nhn, s chuyn ng  bnh thng ph hp vi tng tc t hp trng hin ti v t trng vi m ca chng trit tiu trong t hp v) m, t tnh bng khng hoc nh tu thuc tng t hp c th. Nhng vi mt t hp vt cht no  (thc t ch ra nhng cht st t, thun t, nghch t) di tc dng ca t trng ngoi,  mt gii hn ca mi trng thch hp cc qu o in t xy ra hin tng cng hng chuyn ng, nh hng chung cho ton th hoc mt phn cc qu o in t ca cc nguyn t gy nn t tnh cho ton khi (cc cht st t), nu cc qu o chuyn ng  vn c duy tr v n nh khi khng cn t trng ngoi tc dng, n ph thuc vo t hp hm trng c th to nn khi vt cht , t trng ca khi vn c duy tr to ra hin tng t d v nam chm v)nh cu.  r v chnh xc phi kt hp l thuyt vi nghin cu thc tin, iu khng nh l khng th ly dng in hoc s dng hin tng  siu dn   trong nam chm v)nh cu. Vt liu nam chm v)nh cu ch yu l hp cht v vt liu siu dn c nhit  cao cing l hp cht, nh vy yu t t hp trng v cu hnh t hp trng l quan trng trong s to ra cc vng khng gian bo ho trng n t do. Khng gian bo ho trng in c hai loi, trng in dng v trng in m, vy loi no c th c t do v t do trong iu kin no? Cc ht bn th cp,  y k n nguyn t, phn t v hp cht hin din s tn ti ca vt cht, l t hp phc tp ca cc ht th cp cp nh hn NG, vy c th tn ti c ch truyn khng gian bo ho trng t do ca cc vng, cc lp khc nhau ca vt cht, m vt l ni v dng in ni ti trong nam chm v)nh cu. Vt l nghin cu nhng ci tn ti thc v to ra nhng ci thc, vt cht, theo tnh cht t chia thnh cht thun t, st t (cng v mm), nghch t, c im Curie, c hin tng t d, t tr, tt c nm trong s tng hp trng, cu hnh khng gian trng v loi trng t hp, s xt sau. T trng c kh nng khi phc v duy tr s khi phc gi tr khng gian bo ho trng in t do, khi t trng bin thin v v tr khng gian, thi gian (t ngu), gi tr trng u cm ng trong vt dn mt sut in ng, vi xu hng chng li s bin i ca t trng bn ngoi. Xt hai m hnh:  B1 B    +  F J B2 V  + + H. a H. b Hnh H.a, on dy dn c dng in chy qua v nm trong t trng B, bn thn dng in J cing sinh ra mt t trng ca ring n, nh vy tng tc hai t trng trong cc vng khng gian tng tc to nn s chnh lch cc gi tr khng gian trng trong cc vng trng tng ng, h qu l thanh dn b tc dng mt lc c xu hng nhm cn bng cc ga tr trng trong cc khng gian trng mt cn bng tng ng. Nh vy, t trng c tnh cht tng tc trng n tnh, so vi in trng, t trng c s th hin khc, ng sc l nhng ng ng mc khp kn, phng tip tuyn vi ng sc, chiu theo quy tc vn nt chai, tr s ph thuc khong cch t dy dn n im xt (Tnh t khng gian bo ho trng t do gn nht). Mi s bin thin ca t trng ngoi u gy ra sut in ng cm ng trong dy dn, hnh H.b l v d. on dy dn nm trong t trng bin thin tr thnh  ci bm  khng gian trng in bo ho t do, bn cht ca vn  in - t l khng i cho mi hin tng, ch cn tm ra nguyn l chung m thi. Theo H. b, ng nhin nu ni kn mch th hin tng l ca hnh H.a, t trng do dng in sinh ra s chng li chuyn ng ca V, song vn  s khai  ch mch h, trong on dy dn c s, vy c tn ti mt in trng trong on dy dn  khng? C ch  dn  khng gian bo ho trng in t do nh th no, ch nhng cht dn in mi b  dn , s  dn  c quy lut v s ch c in trng, khng c t trng, ngh)a l t trng bin thin  trc tip lm thay i phn cc cc khng gian bo ho trng in t do, vy c th gi thit s phn cc , mt bn l khi phc khng gian bo ho trng in dng t do v mt bn l khi phc khng gian bo ho trng in m t do, hoc l  dn  khng gian bo ho trng in m ca u ny sang u kia. Thc t s bn ca cu hnh khng gian nguyn t ca mt nguyn t nh th no, ta cha bit, kh nng  tch  in t khi nguyn t  d  hay  kh ta cha bit, bi khi b tch th cu hnh thay i nghim trng. iu ny phi xt k sau. V nguyn l, mt khung dy dn nm trong mt t trng bin thin th trong khung dy  s xut hin mt dng in cm ng, c chiu sao cho t trng do n sinh ra chng li s bin thin ca t thng sinh ra n, d l my pht in hay my bin th, nh th, phi c s bin thin ca t trng ngoi th mi c s cm ng, d t trng ngoi mnh nhng khng bin thin cing khng to s cm ng, cm gic nh tnh cht nh x v lu gi tr trng trong ni ti vt dn b tc ng, in tch th c hai loi ng ngh)a c hai loi in trng v bn cht, nhng t trng c mt loi (iu ny xc nh k sau, bi nam chm c hai cc), hin ti ng sc ca in trng l nhng ng hng t tm ra, cn ng sc ca t trng l nhng ng cong xon c (thc nghim cho cc ht mang in chuyn ng trong t trng),  t)nh in, in tch ca mt vt thay i th in trng ca n cing thay i, cc vt cm ng cing thay i theo, v c th coi l n nh,  t trng, vt cht cing b nhim t vi mc  khc nhau, tnh n nh khc nhau theo cu trc khng gian trng v t hp cc loi trng ca tng ht to nn vt liu . Vn  t trng tng tc vi in trng nh th no? Bn cht ca chng u l trng in c, song tnh cht c nhiu im khc nhau, mt l cn xt l s xut hin khi t trng bin thin, phi chng t trng bin thin th sinh ra dng in tc thi  to nn t trng do n sinh ra chng li s bin thin ca t thng , trong qu trnh bin thin, thanh dn khng to nn dng in khp kn, nhng to nn s chnh lch cc vng khng gian bo ho trng in t do, n nh theo s bin thin ca t thng sinh ra n, v cing to ra s trong thanh dn, dng in ch duy tr khi duy tr s thay i ca t thng trong n. Vt cht l t hp cc ht bn th cp, cu to t nhng ht c bn, lin kt nhau bi c trng c bn v n nh trong t hp trng c bn v cc trng pht sinh. Chng tng tc v rng buc nhau bi khng gian tng tc trng, cu hnh khng gian tng tc trng, quy nh bi tnh cht tng tc ca tng trng c bn vi cc trng c bn khc. S n nh c c ti iu kin xt din ra sau qu trnh tng tc t hp trng, c xy ra s gii phng cc vng khng gian trng qu bo ho, hoc khi phc cc vng khng gian bo ho ca cc trng c bn, hoc gii phng cc trng pht sinh nhm cn bng gi tr khng gian trng tng tc. Nh  ni, khng gian bo ho trng in tng tc mnh vi khng gian bo ho trng hp dn, to s bn vng kh c th tch c. i vi ht in m tng tc vi ht in dng, thng qua ht v phn ht, vt l ch ra s gii phng nng lng rt ln, trong ci gi l hu ht,   kh c th ni, s tng tc trc tip ca hai vng khng gian bo ho trng D+, D-, bi khi  c mt ca cc vng khng gian bo ho in t do v khng gian bo ho trng hp dn t do, to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh tng tc trng, t hp trng v gii phng trng. Trong cc ht  p ,  n ,& tnh cht ca ht phn r, t hp phc tp theo tnh bn ca cc ht, khi  s sinh, hu, bin i cc ht mang tnh in m, dng l bt thng. Bn thn cc ht  p ,  n , c coi l rt ln so vi ht  e , loi tr kh nng tiu hao khng gian trng hp dn bo ho qu ln khi tng tc vi cc khng gian trng in bo ho v tnh n cu trc tng t trong ht v phn ht. Nh th cu trc khng gian trng ca cc loi ht  p ,  n vn thuc din ti u v phc tp hn nhiu so vi cc ht  e . S qua cho thy, kh nng tng tc ca cc khng gian bo ho trng D+, D- vi nhau l mnh song c hi thch hp  c cc vng khng gian bo ho trng t do tng tc vi nhau l kh. Do  trong t nhin vt cht vn tn ti bn vng. Trng in, trong cc qu trnh tng tc thng pht sinh cc trng N,F. Ta xt c ch chuyn i trng in thnh cc trng pht sinh trong trng hp dng in. Vt cht chia thnh cc nhm: cht cch in, cht bn dn, cht dn in, cht siu dn. Cc khi nim trn ch l tng i vi mt iu kin no . Mi mt vt liu c mt cu hnh khng gian t hp trng khc nhau, c th c cc vng khng gian bo ho in t do khc nhau ( y xt cho trng in D-), kh nng khi phc cc vng khng gian bo ho trng in t do l khc nhau, cu hnh khng gian cc trng c bn l khc nhau, cc yu t thay i khng gian trng tng tc nh hng khc nhau i vi cc khng gian bo ho trng ca cc ht tng tc, do  mi vt liu c kh nng truyn dn in, chuyn i trng, gii phng trng, to khng gian tng tc trng vi cc thng s khc nhau. Truyn dn in l truyn dn cc gi tr khng gian trng in bo ho t do, nh th, t phn t ny sang phn t khc, khng gian bo ho trng in t do u lm thay i t hp khng gian ca cc phn t , to nn cc vng khng gian qu bo ho trng, qu trnh gii phng trng din ra. Vi t hp cu trc d thay i khng gian tng tc trng, th trng in chuyn i ch yu thnh trng nhit, vi t hp cu trc kh thay i khng gian hoc vt qu gii hn dn n th khng gian bo ho trng in t do chuyn thnh trng nhit v trng photon Cc tnh cht ca trng in trong thc t rt phong ph, nhng bn cht l khng i. Cc i lng vt l v in hin ti theo quan im ht - trng: - in tch: Khi vt cht, trong t hp trng c s tp trung theo vng, cc vng khng gian trng trng in bo ho t do trong gii hn cho php, ln hn s cn bng in ti khu vc xt. - in trng: Khng gian trng in ca vng trng in di bo ho, n c tnh vector. - in mi: Vt cht trong in trng th chu tc ng ca in trng, ngh)a l c s phn cc trong ni b ht bn th cp, ng thi in trng cing b nh hng sau qu trnh tc ng ln vt cht, gi tr khng gian trng in di bo ho b gim. Cc cht in mi cing c nhiu loi, quy nh bi gi tr tng hp trng, cu hnh khng gian trng ca cc ht bn th cp, loi khng gian trng t do trong t hp ht, im qua c: cc cht in mi vi cc lng cc cng, mm, cc cht in mi khng phn cc, xenht in, c bit cht xenht in c s phn cc in d v hin tng in tr. Cc hin tng in trng tc ng ln vt cht, cho ta c hi tm hiu vt cht tt hn v cu to, tnh cht ca chng. - in dung: T cng thc C =EMBED Equation.3 v cc tnh cht vt l hin ti  ch ra, th in dung l kh nng to ra gi tr vng khng gian trng in bo ho t do (theo kch thc khng gian vng), khi c tc nhn truyn, chuyn i trng in bo ho cho vt xt. N c kh nng d tr trng in ca vt dn. - in th: Ta coi gi tr trng bo ho l khng i trong khng gian trng, vng khng gian trng bo ho t do trong t hp trng vt cht l c th thay i. Nh th, in th l gi tr khng gian trng in bo ho t do ca vt xt (theo kch thc khng gian hnh hc ca vng trng in bo ho t do). c tnh ca in th c th tm t cch mc song song v ni tip ca ngun in. - Dng in: Qu trnh truyn khng gian bo ho trng in t do ca vt cht, di tc dng ca s chnh lch in th gia cc vt tham gia tng tc trng nhm m bo cn bng trng in bo ho t do trong vt dn. - in tr: Ni ln kh nng truyn gi tr khng gian trng in bo ho t do, trong vt dn. Thc t, trong qu trnh truyn khng gian trng in bo ho t do t ht bn th cp mang in ny n ht bn th cp khc, u din ra cc qu trnh l thay i cc vng khng gian trng, k c s thay i c cu trc khng gian hnh hc ca t hp ht, lm tng gi tr trng tng hp ti vng tng tc gy ra s qu bo ho trng cc b, dn n s chuyn ho trng, gii phng trng thnh cc trng pht sinh, gy nn s tn tht gi tr khng gian trng in bo ho t do. Thng thng, cc trng pht sinh l nhit nng (trng nhit), phn nh l trng Foton. - in cm: Dng in trong vt dn th sinh ra t trng, khng gian t trng c tnh lu gi tr trng v nh x trong khng gian trng, t trng thay i th to ra dng (do ang xt tc dng ca dng n), do vy mi bin i v dng dn n bin i t u b t trng m n sinh ra chng li s thay i . in cm c kh nng n nh gi tr trng in cha bo ho ca truyn dn in, c tc ng n nh tc thi qu trnh truyn dn khng gian in bo ho t do. in v vt cht l khng th tch di, cc tnh cht in ca vt cht l tng i ti iu kin xt, c cc khi nim: vt dn, vt cch in, bn dn, in mi & tu vo iu kin bn ngoi tc ng v ni b t hp trng bn trong quyt nh. T hp trng, vi cu hnh khng gian trng ca ht bn th cp, cng t hp cc ht bn chung to nn khi vt cht ang xt, ti iu kin xt, ni ln tnh cht tng tc in ca vt cht. Tch in v dn in ph thuc vo vng khng gian trng in bo ho t do, kh nng thay i t hp khng gian trng trong gii hn cho php, kh nng tip xc ca cc min, vng khng gian trng in bo ho t do gia cc ht bn th cp vi nhau  to nn tnh a dng v in trong th gii vt cht, cing nh cc ng dng trong cc qu trnh tng tc, chuyn i, khi phc, gii phng trng in i vi cc loi trng khc. TRNG NHIT (N) L trng pht sinh, vi khng gian trng nh x trong vng khng gian tng hp cn bng trng ca cc ht bn th cp. Trng nhit l cc vng trng m, lm tng cc vng khng gian tng hp trng c bn v khng gian trng t do ring trong cc qu trnh tng tc t hp trng, iu tit li cc gi tr trng ca khng gian trng trong qu trnh t hp trng m bo cc vng khng gian trng khng qu gii hn bo ho trng. Trng nhit l trng pht sinh t cc trng c bn, khi cc gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian tng tc trng ln hn gi tr trng bo ho cho php. Trng nhit lun tm n s cn bng khng gian trng ca mnh  trng thi thp nht bng vic truyn nhit trc tip v nh bc x nhit (mt dng ca trng pht sinh- Foton)  cc vng khng gian trng c bn b kch thch, qu trnh  lun din ra trn th cn bng ng i vi mi trng xung quanh. Thc nghim dng thang nhit   ch trng nhit, trng nhit bao gi cing c gii hn, gii hn  nm  ranh gii ca s chuyn i gia loi trng c bn c gi tr trng quy i ln nht vi trng nhit thun nghch, thc t,  l trng c bn hp dn. Trng nhit trn thc t tn ti  cc cp ht bn th cp cp Proton v Ntron trong cc phn ng nhit hch (khong n v hng t ) n cc ht bn th cp cp a phn t v gii hn di hin ti l 00K. Nh vy c th coi trng nhit tn ti v c tc dng i vi cc ht bn th cp cp NG-1 n cc cp ln hn (i ( -1) Trng nhit c sinh ra bi cc trng c bn nhm tng khng gian tng tc trng, iu tit li cc gi tr trng trong cc khng gian trng tng tc ca cc ht tham gia t hp m bo cc gi tr gii hn trng cho php. T , trng nhit to nn cc khong gii hn ca tn ti trng thi ca vt cht, tu thuc vo s nh hng ca n n cc khong tng tc trng ca cc trng c bn trong t hp cc ht bn to nn nh dng trng thi hin ti. Vt cht tn ti 4 trng thi: rn, lng, kh, plasma (c th coi trng thi plasma b ion ho tng phn n ton phn to e, p, n), tng ng tn ti 4 khong gii hn cho php trong iu kin cho php nht nh, mi trng thi u c s tc dng rng buc ca mt s trng nht nh, vi ngh)a l phm vi gii hn tc dng gn cho php ca cc trng , v l thuyt, mi trng thi u c cc trng tham gia lin kt gng nhau i vi cc loi vt cht khc nhau. Trng thi vt cht trong iu kin xt l trng thi cn bng phin nh ca t hp trng ni ti v cc trng pht sinh xung quanh n, mt trong cc yu t tng hp cc gi tr trng thay i u dn n s thay i kt cu lin kt cc trng, tu vo mc  c th, c th thay i c trng thi ca vt cht hoc sp xp khng gian tng tc ca cc ht bn th cp theo nhng chiu hng khc nhau, kt cu mng n nh khc nhau. Trng nhit gn vi vt cht c th, mt cht, theo l thuyt u tn ti 4 trng thi, mi trng thi tng ng vi mt khong gii hn cn bng tng hp trng xc nh. Hin ti coi ti im 00K trng nhit bng 0 (iu ny cha th l ng, bi cha tm ra c nguyn l  ly nhit trit  ca mt vt cht thc), ti  khng din ra qu trnh truyn nht hoc bc x nhit, khi  vt cht th hin nhng tnh cht trng vi cc lin kt c trng ca cc trng c bn trong khng gian t hp trng tng tc. Bi khi  cc vng khng gian trng c bn t do vi tm  tc dng ngn tng tc vi nhau thun li hn. Trng nhit l trng pht sinh nhm gim gi tr trng trong khng gian trng tng tc, do  n lun tm cch gim gi tr trng bng truyn nhit trc tip hoc thng qua bc x nht ra mi trng xung quanh ng thi n cing chu tc dng ngc li ca mi trng xung quanh ln n, qu trnh  l qu trnh ng v t tm n trng thi cn bng ng. Mi vt cht c mt t hp trng ring vi cc loi ht bn th cp cc cp khc nhau, hm trng khc nhau, iu kin hnh thnh cu hnh khng gian hm trng khc nhau, do  to ra cc mi lin kt vt cht khc nhau chu nh hng ca trng nht l khc nhau vi cc gii hn v khong tn ti trng thi khc nhau. Chng hn vi iu kin thng trong t nhin vt cht tn ti c 4 loi trng thi (trng thi plasma - ion cht kh vn t) vi hm nhit coi nh ging nhau  th cn bng ng. Vt cht tn ti cc khi nim: nhit dung ring, vn tc truyn nhit, vt hp th nhit & ni ln cc qu trnh, kh nng chuyn i hm trng trong t hp tng tc trng ca tng loi vt cht. V d c th t trng photon tc dng vo vt cht, lm khi phc cc khng gian trng c bn trong t hp tng tc, to nn s qu gii hn gi tr trng cho php trong khng gian tng tc dn n gii phng trng nhit  tng khng gian tng tc trng. Gii hn trng cho php trong khng gian trng ph thc vo t hp trng hin ti v cc gii hn khng gian bo ho trng c bn. Hin ti, theo vt l ng i, xt cho mt nguyn t, vi cu hnh v tinh ca cc in t quay xung quanh, khi nguyn t b  kch thch , cc in t s thay i qu o v pht ra cc lng t nh sng, cc qu o  cing  c lng t ho.  Ci g lm cho cu hnh khng gian nguyn t thay i? Thc t s  kch thch l qu trnh lm thay i gi tr trng trong cc vng khng gian trng c bn tham gia t hp, n c th l trng hp dn hay trng in ni chung, ngun kch thch c th l dng in, photon, va p.v.v.v. Khng gian trng thay i trong qu trnh b  kch thch bao gm nhng loi trng no? Vi ngh)a ban u, trng nhit l trng m lm tng khng gian trng tng tc, gim cc gi tr trng trong khng gian trng tng tc, bo m gii hn gi tr trng trong khng gian trng cho php, nh vy trng nhit lun c tc dng  y cc ht vt cht ra xa nhau, trong s  kch thch , cc qu o ca in t b thay i, trng nhit gi vai tr chnh trong . Cc qu o ca in t thuc mt nguyn t l xc nh, c ngh)a l tn ti cc khong gii hn lin kt trng trong tng hp trng ca mt nguyn t, ti  gi tr khng gian trng nhit c  ph v c mi lin kt  th nguyn t mi chuyn sang trng thi  kch thch khc. Cing trong mt trng thi  kch thch , gi tr trng c bn c gii phng thnh trng photon vi mt gi tr trng xc nh to bc x trng photon n nh. Trng thi vt cht, theo l thuyt, c gi tr khng gian trng trong trng nhit bng 0 n gi tr gii hn trn cc i (v d ti thi im din ra phi ng nhit hch trong tng hp ht nhn - cc khng gian trng hp dn bo ho tng tc vi nhau to nn s gii phng trng trong  c trng nhit), cing c ngh)a khng gian trng nhit trong khng gian tng tc t hp trng ca cc ht vt cht th cp cc cp bng 0  trng thi rn, hm trng nhit tng dn t trng thi rn n trng thi lng, trng thi kh v rt ln  trng thi plasma. V l thuyt, mi vt cht  dng bn th cp u c  4 trng thi vt cht ni trn, song rt khc nhau  cc iu kin tn ti trng thi cing nh khong iu kin tn ti trng thi. 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Vt cht trong trng nhit cn c khi nim chuyn ng nhit, vt ta ni chuyn ng  y bao gm tt c nhng ht m trng nhit tn ti v tc dng, song i vi cp NG-1 , trng nhit b khng ch cng bi cc lin kt khng gian trng bo ho n nh, nh vy cc ht bn t cp nguyn t tr ln u c lin kt yu v chu nh hng bi cc vng khng gian trng nhit ring, s chnh lch gi tr khng gian trng nhit ring to nn cc tng tc truyn nhit cc b cing nh s t tm n qu trnh cn bng trng, dn n s chnh p lc  cc pha khc nhau ca mt ht to ra s chuyn ng dao ng hay hn lon ph thuc vo lin kt trng ca cc ht trong t hp. S tn ti 4 trng thi cng cc trng thi ti hn, m ti  trng nhit khng thay i, khi  trng nhit ng vai tr ph v cc gii hn cn bng t hp trng lin kt ca vt cht. Ti cc im ti hn, trng nhit c coi l cn bng vi tng cc lin kt tng tc ni ngoi tc dng ng thi ln t hp vt cht. S truyn nhit vi bn cht thc l s dn nhit t phn t ny sang phn t khc thng qua cc vng khng gian trng nhit, khng tnh n s bc x th cp cing nh s chuyn ng  c hc  ca cc phn t trong t hp xt, ph thuc vo t hp hm trng c th ca tp hp ht vt cht. Chng hn, trong cc nguyn t ca h thng tun hon, cc cht c kh nng truyn nhit khc nhau, nhit dung ring khc nhau, ni ln cc gi tr khng gian trng nhit thay i khc nhau cho mt n v t hp ht nht nh, cing nh s thun li cho s tip xc cc vng trng nhit vi nhau, kh nng thay i gi tr khng gian trng nhit ca mt t hp ht bn. Trng nhit v bc x nhit l hai loi trng khc nhau, song chng tn ti cng nhau trong mt tp hp vt cht, nh hng trc tip qua li vi nhau, chng ch cn bng trong h c lp, s truyn nhit thng qua thun nht mt qu trnh truyn tng tc vng khng gian trng nhit ny ti vng khng gian trng nhit khc kh c xc nh c lp, song qu trnh truyn khng gian trng nhit phi da trn nguyn tc s chnh lch gi tr khng gian trng nhit, thc t ch ra, vt cht c kh nng truyn nhit rt khc nhau i vi cc cht khc nhau, cng mt cht nhng t chc lin kt khc nhau hay cng mt cht nhng  trng thi vt cht khc nhau,v v v. Trng thi vt cht l s t hp cn bng ca trng nhit vi cc lin kt khng gian bo ho ca cc trng c bn t do ring. Gi tr trng nhit trong khng gian trng nhit chu nh hng ln bi s lin kt t hp bi cc ht t hp nn n. Hin ti, vt l s dng thang nhit   xc nh gi tr trng nhit. Trn c s cc phng php o: Quang ph k, in tr k, s gin n ca vt cht, tu thuc vo phm vi s dng song chng c s khc nhau bi do cc trng khc nhau ch th, m cc hm trng khc nhau, s tng tc vi tng loi trng l khng tng ng cing nh cc gii hn chuyn i trng khng tuyn tnh vi mt loi trng khi trng  thay i. Ly s gin n vt cht trong mt iu kin xc nh, trong mt khong tuyn tnh xc nh th c th ch th c gi tr trng nhit trong khng gian trng nhit, t  thng qua nhit dung ring ca vt cht   xc nh hm nhit. Nh vy phi tm cc  on thc o nhit  k tip nhau  xc nh hm nhit. Cing nh trng in, n v c trng cho trng nhit y  v cc tnh cht l kh thc hin, d rng bn cht vn  l khng i, trng nhit vn tn ti khch quan vi cc bn cht, tnh cht, ngoi mun ca con ngi. Hin ti, trng nhit, thng qua hm nhit vi cc loi n v o nhit  ch l s so snh trng nhit mt cch khng tuyn tnh, bn thn cc cht tham gia  lm thc  cing ch l cc cht sn c, tin xc nh ca bui s khai ban u, ng vi khong hm nhit nh. Khi khong hm nhit ln, chng hn vi vi cc vt cht c th trong t nhin, vi thang o hin ti, gii hn di coi nh l 00K,  trng thi ho hi ca mt s cht khong 6 0000K, theo logic trng thi hi s c nhit  cao hn na, c th coi hm nhit khng cn tn ti khi vt cht b ion hon ton, tc l khi  trng thi ca vt cht khng b trng nhit chi phi, iu m bnh thng ta thy vt cht b thay i th tch. Chp nhn mt thang o hm nhit khng tuyn tnh, vi mt cht t chu (hoc loi tr c) s tng tc nhy cm ca cc trng photon s cp v th cp, c khong trng thi vt cht rng, n nh, thng s thay i ca hm nhit vt cht  d xc nh  lm thang hm nhit thng qua tham s nhit . T thang c bn  ta s dng nhiu  thc con   tin s dng cho tng khong trng thi vt cht c th. Nh th  thc o  khch quan hn v chnh xc hn. Trng Foton l trng pht sinh t cc vng khng gian trng qu gii hn khng gian trng cho php trong mt t hp vt cht. Thng s c bn ca hm trng photon quy nh bi loi vng khng gian trng no c gii phng, xut pht t ngun v i vo khng gian xung quanh theo cc tia thng ng tr v ch b bin i, hp th bi cc trng vt cht ca cc t hp vt cht khc. Nh vy, trng Foton ch tn ti khi c s pht sinh ca cc vng khng gian trng qu gii hn cho php hoc khi trng photon khng b t hp vt cht khc hp th hoc c hai s tn ti trn. Hin ti chn thng s tn s ca trng lm n v c bn ca trng photon (EMBED Equation.3), nh vy c trng ca trng photon trong khng gian trng l dng vector photon c phng, chiu xc nh v ng tr, tc dng vi trng vt cht c cc tnh cht b hp th, khc x, phn x. Trn y ch xt cho mt tia trng Foton, t ngun pht, trng photon c gii phng ra khng gian, do  mt  tia trng s b thay i theo v tr xt n ngun pht. Thng thng, s pht x trng Foton do mt t hp vt cht b kch thch t cc vng khng gian trng qu gii hn cho php khc nhau to ra cng lc, nh vy thng s ca trng Foton l mt gii rng, trn c s c lp tng tc trng, cc tia trng vi cc thng s khc nhau u tn ti bnh ng vi nhau trong khng gian trng. Ly i lng quang thng lm tng gi tr trng cho mt n trng Foton c gii phng ca mt thi im th  ri sng tng ng vi mt  tia, ta c cc cng thc: EMBED Equation.3 i vi cc thng khc ca trng photon cing tng t, v nh vy mt  tia trng Foton t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch t im xt n ngun pht. N V KHNG GIAN TRNG  THI GIAN TRNG Cc trng c bn cing nh cc trng pht sinh u c cc tnh cht c th ring, th hin s a dng v kh nng tn ti n nh ca vt cht trong iu kin xt. Song, trong cc qu trnh tng tc trng, cc trng vt cht (gi chung cho cc trng c bn v cc trng pht sinh) u chu nh hng ca yu t khng gian v yu t thi gian. S thay i gi tr trng trong khng gian, s tng tc trng tri qua thi gian i vi mi loi trng vt cht l khc nhau v khc nhau theo tng iu kn c th. S thay i l c quy lut, quy lut  thng c bit  dng  hm tng tc  , i lng thng c s dng  biu t, so snh l lc, ngoi yu t ch quan to nn lc l cc trng vt cht, lun tn ti cc yu t khng gian v yu t thi gian. S thay i gi tr trng trong khng gian theo mt hm xc nh, c th hiu rng, lun tn ti mt gii hn chnh lch gi tr khng gian trng cho php ca mt  lng t  khng gian trng ny i vi  lng t  khng gian trng khc k cn n trn mt tia vector trng. i vi thi gian trng, t c tnh lu gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ca cc trng vt cht, mi s thay i khng gian trng (bao gm gi tr, phng, chiu, v tr) u vp phi ci gi l qun tnh (hay h cm, t cm, dung khng, cm khng), nh vy, thi gian trng l qu trnh thay i mt lng t gi tr khng gian trng trong mt khng gian tng tc trng. n v thi gian trng c lng t ho cho tng loi trng trong mi loi mi trng xc nh. n v khng gian trng: Trong vng khng gian bo ho trng, gi tr trng l khng i v bo ho, n v khng gian trng l ng tr. Trong vng khng gian di bo ho trng, gi tr trng trong khng gian trng ti mt im quy nh bi tng gi tr khng gian bo ho trng v v tr im  i vi khi tm vt cht to nn trng . i vi cc trng c bn H, D+, D-, s tng tc trng l tng t trong cng thc tnh lc tng tc. Ti trng thi  dng  trong cc cng thc tnh lc: EMBED Equation.3 (1) EMBED Equation.3vi EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 (2) vi EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 (3) vi EMBED Equation.3 Gi s, cc i lng M1, q1, m1 l vt th n nh v nh, s tng tc trng ca cc vng khng gian vector trng  trng thi  dng  thng qua i lng quy i l F. S tng tc trng l s tng hp trng trong ton b khng gian, theo nguyn tc tng hp vector trng c trng ring, p lc to lc bao gm 2 pha ca vng tng gi tr trng v vng gim gi tr trng, cc vng khng gian trng chnh lch  lun tm ti gi tr khng gian trng cn bng n nh c quy nh bi bn cht ca tng loi trng v tng loi tng tc c th ng thi cing c quy chiu i vi cc tm ngun khng gian trng . Vi mt vector trng n nh, khi cc gi tr chnh lch trng gii hn ca mt lng t khng gian trng b thay i trong mt mi trng n nh,  y  sy ra s tng tc trng, cc vng khng gian trng c xu hng chng li s thay i vi m ca cc gii hn gi tr trng trong cc lng t khng gian trng, to nn mt p lc tng hp xung quanh vt th ang xt, tng hp p lc y c quy i  so snh gi l lc. T cc cng thc trn, vi ngh)a lc c quy i bi tng p lc t 2 vng tng v gim tng i, i vi cc tm quy chiu ca cc ngun trng tham gia tng tc, ta c hm phn b gi tr trng trn mt tia vector: EMBED Equation.3 Vng khng gian trng l tng tuyt i l mi trng chn khng, thc t tng loi trng, tu nh hng ca cc mi trng xung quanh n cc thng s tng tc trng m ta c cc gi tr trng l khc nhau.  trn l cc i lng EMBED Equation.3. Xt trn mt tia vector trng, gi trng thay i t vng bin khng gian bo ho trng (ln nht) v bng 0  EMBED Equation.3, s thay i ph thuc vo loi mi trng xt i vi mt loi trng. S thay i ny tun theo mt hm gi tr trng theo khng gian, s chnh lch lng t gi tr trng t vng khng gian ny sang vng khng gian khc k theo gi l n v khng gian trng, v n v khng gian trng cing l lng t. Trn mt lng t khng gian trng th gi tr trng l khng i. T hm phn b trng trong mt loi khng gian trng cho thy, s tn ti cc gii hn  bo ho  chnh lch gi tr trng ca cc vng lng t khng gian trng ng trc v sau n (k nhau) l nh nhau. S lng t khng gian trng cn c th hin trong nhiu dng  t hp trng th cp, nh h s dn in gy nn s tt p trn mi n v di ca vt dn, hay nh trng nhit l h s dn nhit ca cc cht dn n s chnh lch nhit  ca vt truyn nhit,& n v thi gian trng: Trong tng tc trng, cc trng tng tc vi nhau khng tc thi v cc qu trnh, cc tng tc khng din ra nh nhau vi mi loi tng tc. Qu trnh din ra tng tc trng gi l thi gian trng. Ni n thi gian l ni n qu trnh vn ng ca vt cht. Ngun gc ca qu trnh vn ng l s tng tc trng ca cc vng khng gian trng vt cht. Qu trnh vn ng ph thuc tng gi tr khng gian trng tham gia tng tc ca cc vt tng tc, gi tr khong cch khng gian trng tng tc, mi trng m cc khng gian trng tham gia tng tc to nn thi gian trng cho qu trnh vn ng . Gi tr trng trong mt khng gian trng c c tnh lu gi tr trng trong khng gian trng , mi s thay i khng gian trng (gi tr, phng, chiu, v tr) u vp phi ci gi l qun tnh (hay h cm, t cm, dung khng, cm khng). Nh vy, thi gian trng l qu trnh thay i mt lng t i lng vector khng gian trng trong mt khng gian tng tc trng. n v thi gian trng cing c lng t cho tng loi trng trong mi loi mi trng xc nh. Qu trnh vn ng, tng tc trng thng qua cc i lng gia tc, vn tc, qung ng cing nh tn s, bin , bc sng,& , cc qu trnh khi phc hay chuyn ho trng ca cc trng vi nhau ng thi vi cc h s chuyn i, khi phc hoc gii phng trng trong cc qu trnh y. Thc t, s vn ng ca vt cht trong cc qu trnh tng tc trng u thng qua khi vt cht c th m i din l t hp ht hp dn lm nn tng. Qu trnh vn ng c th trc tip nhn thy c (ngoi vn ng) hay cm nhn gin tip thng qua thng s khc (ni vn ng). S tng tc trng c th ch sy ra i vi mt loi trng vi nhau (n trng), hay tng tc, chuyn ho, khi phc vi ng thi nhiu loi trng vi nhau (a trng), cc qu trnh  c th din ra  ni vn ng, ngoi vn ng hay tng hp ca hai loi vn ng trn. Ngoi vn ng: Ta c cc cng thc chuyn ng EMBED Equation.3 ; EMBED Equation.3 ; EMBED Equation.3 ; EMBED Equation.3 Trong tng tc trng, EMBED Equation.3 lun thay i dn n EMBED Equation.3 bin thin theo. Ni vn ng: Th hin a dng tu thuc vo cc loi trng, vt l hin ti  ch ra cc thng s v ni nng ca khi vt cht, thng s v in, nhit, quang & CC HT BN TH CP Trn c s tng tc trng ca cc trng c bn, s tn ti v nh hng ca cc trng pht sinh ln t hp vt cht, cc ht c bn t hp vi nhau to thnh cc ht bn th cp  tng iu kin c th. T cc s lng  cc ht c bn  m vt l ng i ang xt n cc nguyn t, phn t  c tha nhn t lu, xt theo c s ca thuyt  ht  trng thng nht  chia ht bn th cp thnh 3 loi chnh: - Loi I: Bao gm cc ht bn th cp cc cp, c s tng tc t hp trng t)nh. Ngh)a l cc ht c to thnh nh s tng tc trng trc tip ca cc trng c bn, khng chu nh hng ca yu t lu gi tr trng trong khng gian, chng n nh bn trong iu kin xt. Nhng ht ny tng ng vi  cc ht c bn  ca vt l ng i. S tng tc v t hp ca cc ht bn th cp loi I quy nh bi cc tnh cht ca trng c bn, cu hnh khng gian hnh hc kh d) c th bn  iu kin tn ti, gii hn t l tng tc trng c bn ca cc loi ht c bn vi nhau. S bn vng ca cc ht da trn c s ht gi tr trng ca cc vng khng gian trng c bn bo ho tham gia tng tc ng thi qu trnh trn gii phng cc trng pht sinh.V vy, vi quan im ca vt l ng i, s tm kim cc ht gi l  c bn  bi cc ngun nng lng ln dn n pht sinh mt lot cc ht bn th cp (ti iu kin sinh ra n v n nhanh chng chuyn sang dng ht khc khi khng m bo iu kin  n tn ti  ci gi l thi gian sng ca ht). Cc qu trnh  ch yu c to ra vi cc tia EMBED Equation.3 c nng lng cao, bn cht ca vn  l s khi phc cc gi tr khng gian trng bo ho ca cc ht tham gia trong t hp bi trng pht sinh Foton, hoc s gii phng trng sinh ht EMBED Equation.3 trong cc phn ng sinh, hu ht to cc ht mi. Vi cc th nghim to ra rt nhiu loi ht gi l  c bn   cho ta thy c s phc tp a dng ca cc ht bn th cp cing nh cc cu hnh khng gian hnh hc kh d) ca cc ht tu iu kin th nghim. Trn nguyn l , s tn ti mt dng ht b th cp s khai gi l loi I cp 1 bn vng khng b phn tch, bi gii hn gi tr trng pht sinh khng th khi phc c cc vng khng gian trng bo ho trng ca cc ht c bn  tham gia t hp nn chng, iu  d on s tng tc ca ht hp dn vi ht in dng hoc ht in m. Cc ht bn th cp cp cui cng c th l cc ht electron (e), proton (p), notron (n). C th ni chng bn nht i vi cc ht loi I, s bn  y c th hiu l do trong t hp trng ca cc ht, cc vng khng gian bo ho kh d) tng tc c vi nhau u  tham gia ht trong mt cu hnh khng gian trng l tng nht cho tng s ht tham gia t hp tng tc. Cc phn ht l s i xng tng tc trng, nu ng, th y l s tng ng ca s tng tc trng ca cc ht hp dn vi cc ht in dng, ht in m, cu hnh khng gian hnh hc ca t hp trng l iu c bn to nn kh nng tng tc ca cc vng khng gian bo ho trng ca cc trng c bn - Loi II: Bao gm cc ht bn th cp cc cp, c s tham gia v nh hng trc tip ca tng tc, t hp trng t)nh - ng to nn s n nh bn trong iu kin xt. Cc loi ht ny c to thnh trc tip t mt s loi ht bn th cp loi I, trong qu trnh tn ti ca ht, ngoi yu t t)nh ca loi I cn c s tham gia ca t hp trng ng ca cc trng H, D+, D- vi tnh cht lu gi tr trng trong khng gian to nn s cn bng trng phim nh n nh ti phm vi khng gian tng tc trng ca ht bn ang xt. Cc ht ny cn c cc vng khng gian trng c bn bo ho t do ring, to ra cc lin kt tng tc trng ph, ph thuc tng hm trng c th ring. i vi cc ht bn th cp loi II cing nh tp hp cc ht ca chng lun c s tn ti khng gian trng nhit, tu thuc vo hm trng c th ca tng t hp cc ht, di tc dng ca trng nhit, vt cht (cc ht bn th cp loi II) tn ti bn trng thi: rn, lng, kh v plasma, r rng tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht c bn l khng i, kh nng tng tc ho hc l thay i, do  ta xt xem loi trng no cing nh vng khng gian trng no tham gia to lin kt trong cc trng thi ? Xt cc t hp nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc theo bng cc trng thi (bng ph lc), thy rng cc trng thi khng phi l cc phn ng ho hc, trng thi v khong tn ti trng thi c tnh cht chu k ph thuc lp v in t ca nguyn t, n khng ph thuc trc tip vo cc mi tng tc khng gian trng in, song n b nh hng trc tip bi cc vng khng gian bo ho trng t do ring ca cc nguyn t.  u chu k, cc khng gian trng vng bin ca nguyn t c tnh tri r rt cc gi tr khng gian trng bo ho t do ring ca trng in dng, cc nguyn t  cui chu k li tri hon ton khng gian trng ho t do ring ca trng in m, nh vy s lin kt gia cc nguyn t vi nhau l rt yu, loi lin kt ny khng lm trung ho cc vng khng gian trng bo ho t do ring, m chng ch to thun li cho s tng tc trng hp dn gia cc nguyn t vi nhau, to nn trng thi ca vt cht, i vi cc nguyn t  gia chu k, tu thuc vo lp in t ngoi cng, hm trng khng gian trng in bo ho t do ring phn b tng i cn bng ca cc vng khng gian trng in dng ca ht nhn v cc vng khng gian trng in m ca cc in t ca cc nguyn t, to nn tng tc ph lm gim khng gian tng tc ca trng hp dn, tng mi lin kt bn gia cc nguyn t trong tp hp ht, to nn trng thi vt cht bn hn cing nh khong tn ti trng thi ln hn. Cc ht loi ny bao gm cc ion, nguyn t, phn t. Ht bn in hnh thuc loi ny l nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc. Thc t c khong 105 nguyn t ho hc bn, tng ng vi 105 cu hnh khng gian hnh hc c bn kh d) l tng tn ti bn trong iu kin thng thng, cc ng v ni chung ca cc nguyn t ch l kh nng tn ti ca mt loi cu hnh trong khong cho php ti nhng iu kin cho php. Cc nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l bn vng n nh trong khong ln ca iu kin tn ti trong t nhin, cc nguyn t c cu to t cc electron, notron, prton, vi m hnh ht nhn l trung tm (gm notron, proton), cc in t chuyn ng theo cc qu o n nh phim nh bao quanh.  ht nhn, vt l ng i ch ra mt loi lc mnh, tc dng gn gi l lc ht nhn, y l s tng tc trng ca cc vng khng gian bo ho trng hp dn, tnh bn vng ca ht nhn c quy nh bi  lng  khng gian bo ho trng hp dn tham gia t hp v  gii phng trng pht sinh (EMBED Equation.3), trong ht nhn lun tn ti trng in dng thuc ht proton, tnh n nh bn cao ca ht nhn quyt nh tnh cht ca nguyn t, nguyn t c quy nh bi in tch ca ht nhn (trng in dng ch o trong t hp trng in ca ht nhn). Thc t, vt l thc nghim ch ra khong bn ca t hp cc ht to nn mt ht nhn nguyn t t cc phn ng nhit hch (tng hp cc ht nhn nh thnh cc ht nhn ln hn), cc phn ng phn hch (ph v cc ht nhn ln thnh cc ht nhn nh), v cui bng h thng tun hon, cc nguyn t cng km bn v tin ti gii hn khng tn ti b mc mi mun ch quan ca con ngi. Cc in t (e) chuyn ng theo cc qu o nht nh, s bn vng ca nguyn t khng nh tnh n nh trong tng tc v cn bng n nh phim nh ca cc vng khng gian trng tham gia tng tc. Tnh tng tc ng ca cc in t i vi ht nhn bao gm nhiu loi lin kt tng tc trng, y l nhiu bi ton cng chung mt nghim, nghim  l tnh n nh bn ca nguyn t thuc mt nguyn t. Xt t nguyn t ca nguyn t hyr c mt proton v mt electron n nhng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t  cui bng tun hon, tnh n nh khng th ph nhn (nu ht nhn bn th nguyn t bn) ni ln s cn bng trong cc tng tc trng, cing nh cc tnh cht lu gi tr trng trong khng gian trng to ra cc vng khng gian trng chnh lch c b gi tr trng so vi tm quy chiu ca ngun trng khi cc in tch (e) chuyn ng trn qu o. S lin tng qu o n nh ca cc in t phn no nh cc hnh tinh trong h mt tri, d rng n phc tp hn nhiu! - Loi III: Bao gm cc h chuyn ng theo qu o n nh trong vi tr nh v tinh ca tri t, h mt tri, ngn h, thin h,& ng nhin cc ht bn ny, trn c s cu to t cc ht bn th cp loi I v loi II , song s tn ti bn ca chng da trn c tnh lu gi tr trng ca khng gian trng hp dn cha bo ho l chnh, v c th ni, phm vi tc dng cing nh nh hng l rt xa. Tng qut v quy lut vn ng ca cc thin th l 3 nh lut ca Keple, gp li:  Qu o hnh tinh l elip m sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau th ng ni mt tri v hnh tinh qut nhng din tch bng nhau v thi gian quay trn vng t l vi lu tha ba phn hai  rng ca qu o  , y l trng hp p dng c th cho h mt tri ( rng ca qu o l ng knh i qua ch rng nht ca elip). i vi cc ht loi III ny chng t hp v tn ti theo nhiu cp, mi cp bao gm mt loi h khp kn, c tnh tng tc trng l s tng tc trng vector hp dn ca vng cha bo ho trng, trng vector hp dn ln nht ti bin ht v coi bng 0  v cc. Vi c tnh tng tc trng ca trng vector hp dn, trong mt h khp kn, s chuyn ng theo cc qu o ca v tinh, hnh tinh i vi khi tm h lun to ra cc vng khng gian cn bng trng phim nh, v chng t tm n cho mnh mt qu o ph hp trong vi tr mnh mng hoc kt hp trc tip (lao vo) vi mt vt th khc to ra vt th ln hn. H khp kn , trong khong khng ln li c coi l mt khi vt cht vi mt t hp trng hp dn thng nht i vi cc h khp kn khc v to ra mt cp h khp kn khc ln hn. Nguyn l to nn cc vng khng gian trng cn bng phim nh da trn hai c tnh tng tc trng vector hp dn trong khng gian: cc khng gian trng hp dn cha bo ho ca cc khi vt cht (t hp ca cc ht hp dn vi cc ht in) tng tc vi nhau theo c tnh tng tc trng hp dn, to nn cc vng tng v vng gim gi tr khng gian trng hp dn theo tm quy chiu ca khi khng gian trng, vng tng nm pha ngoi hai khi theo cc mt phng i qua hai khi v vung gc vi ng ni tm hai khi, c tnh lu gi tr trng trong khng gian do  khi vt chuyn ng khng hng tm vi nhau (ang tng tc vector trng) to ra nhng qu o cong, s thay i qu o to ra cc vng khng gian trng c gi tr khc nhau, tng gi tr khng gian trng  trong lng qu o tng ln, pha ngoi tng ng gim xung, hai qu trnh trn l c lp v ng thi tng tc, s tng hp  s din ra ti mt thi im cc vng khng gian trng cn bng gi tr trng i vi tm quy chiu ca khi tm khng gian trng ca vt to nn mt qu o n nh. S phn cp l tng i, vi tr l rng ln, tnh khp kn h l c bn, n l c s ca ht bn th cp loi III. Vi thuyt  Vt l ht - trng thng nht  , i t 3 ht c bn vi 3 trng c bn to ra cc ht bn th cp loi I v trng pht sinh Foton, tip n cc ht bn th cp loi II cng hai trng pht sinh Foton v trng Nhit  to ra th gii vt cht n nh, song th gii vt cht v cng rng ln, cng vi cc tnh cht ca trng hp dn  to nn cc ht bn th cp loi III,  l cc thin th, hnh tinh, cc h mt tri, ngn h, thin h,& BNG H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC CC NGUYN T  TRNG THI VT CHT  PHN NG HO HC  PHN T Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l cc ht bn th cp loi II, c nguyn l cu to t cc ht bn th cp loi I v cu hnh khng gian t hp trng tng t nhau. S nguyn t c quy nh bi s lng ht bn th cp loi I mang in dng tri trong ht nhn nguyn t v gii hn s lng nguyn t bi cu hnh bn kh d) ca t hp cc ht bn th cp loi I trong ht nhn. Cc nguyn t khc nhau c tng cc ht bn th cp loi I khc nhau v cu hnh khng gian trng t do ring l khc nhau. Cu hnh khng gian hnh hc phn b trng ca cc nguyn t c tnh quy lut tun hon, ph thuc vo cc gi tr khng gian bo ho trng t do ring ca mi ht. Trng thi vt cht ca cc nguyn t ph thuc gin tip vo cc gi tr khng gian bo ho trng t do ring ca mi nguyn t. Trng thi vt cht, c th ni, n c quy nh bi tng tc trng hp dn, kt hp vi cc tng tc trng in ph hp (khng din ra tng tc t hp trng v gii phng trng pht sinh) ca cc vng khng gian trng in m v dng di bo ho. Cc phn ng ho hc ca cc nguyn t da trn s tng tc t hp trng ca cc vng khng gian trng bo ho t do ring ca cc ht (nguyn t) v gii phng trng pht sinh hoc khi phc cc gi tr bo ho trng ca cc vng khng gian bo ho trng t do, mi lin kt trng ch yu l cc trng in dng vi m  to ra cc ht bn th cp (phn t) cn bng cc vng khng gian trng t do hn (gim cc gi tr vng khng gian bo ho trng t do ring ca cc ht). Trn nguyn l , cc nguyn t c xy dng bi cc cu hnh khng gian trng v t hp cc ht c th to nn cc tnh cht ho hc, hp thnh mt chu k v lp li tun hon cho nhiu chu k Trong mt chu k in hnh, tnh cht ho hc thay i t u chu k n cui chu k kt thc bi mt nguyn t kh tr. Cc nguyn t kh tr th hin tnh in hnh v cu hnh khng gian trng bo ho t do cn bng, ti cc vng khng gian trng ring,ngay bin gii nguyn t, gi tr khng gian trng bo ho t do ring coi nh bng 0, do  s tng tc trng in ph hp cing nh tng tc cc vng khng gian bo ho trng t do l khng c dn n trng thi vt cht kh to dng lng, rn, ng thi hu nh khng c cc phn ng ho hc trong cc iu kin. Trn c s ht nhn chim in dng bo ho tri, tp trung hu ht lng trng hp dn bo ho ca nguyn t v cn bng tng th vi trng in m ca cc in t (e), do   u chu k, phn ln vng khng gian trng bin ca nguyn t l trng in dng v cc b khng gian trng mang in m, song cng dn i v cui chu k th cc vng khng gian trng ring  vng bin nguyn t c phn b dn dn ngc li. Cc nguyn t lun tm n s cn bng trng trong mi vng khng gian trng quy chiu, do  s tng tc trng ca cc vng khng gian trng ring s sy ra trong iu kin thch hp v gii phng trng, to trng pht sinh,  to ht bn cp phn t. Cing tng t, i vi trng thi vt cht, cc cht rn, lng (vi cht kh, s th hin khng nhiu) c cc tnh cht nh : do, mm, cng, dn, n hi,  nht, sc cng b mt, & l do cc mi lin kt ph hp v tng hp trng lin kt ca cc nguyn t thuc mt nguyn t quy nh, vi cc nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t c nhiu vng khng gian trng bo ho t do ring v phn b u tham gia lin kt th lun to cht c trng thi cng, rn. Vi nhng nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t c cc vng khng gian bo ho trng t do ring cng t th s lin kt cng km v kh tn ti, tng t nu cc vng khng gian bo ho trng t do ring nhiu song phn b khng u, t l lch trng cng ln th tnh mm do cao. Cc tnh cht vt l khc nh tnh dn in, dn nhit, t tnh, in mi, v.v.v ca vt cht ph thuc vo t hp trng c th ca ht, trng thi vt cht, iu kin c th ca cc trng tc dng ln vt cht. S lng cc nguyn t ca mi chu k ph thuc vo cu hnh kh d) trong khong cho php ca t hp trng bin thin t s chnh lch cc b gi tr trng bo ho t do  vng bin n cu hnh khng gian trng bo ho t do cn bng, v s tng bn knh nguyn t lm tng kh nng to cc cu hnh khng gian hnh hc ca t hp ht bn th cp t cc ht loi I, lm tng s nguyn t cho cc chu k sau . Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc Mendeleep v cc nguyn t mi to ra (Cc nguyn t ho hc nhn to km bn) cho thy c s tun hon theo chu k ca cc nguyn t theo tnh cht ho hc  cc chu k, song trong mt chu k s thay i l khc nhau, cing nh tnh cht ho hc, cc tnh cht l hc cing c nhng thay i theo chu k cc b. Lp cc bng: Biu  khi lng ring, Biu  nhit  nng chy, Biu  nhit  si v Biu  khong nhit  nng chy  nhit  si (Theo bng ph lc), vi bin  cc i ca mt chu k cc nguyn t l 32, tham kho bng h thng tun hon di c chu k 32 (Ph lc). Nhn vo cc biu  ta thy kt cu mng khng gian hnh hc ca chng c s thay i (Cc cc i, cc tiu trong mt chu k) cing c ngh)a kt cu khng gian trng trong t hp trng l thay i, cc gi tr tng hp ho l ca cc nguyn t t cc bng ni ln t hp khng gian trng ca tng nguyn t , ti trng thi . Kt cu khng gian t hp trng ca tt c cc nguyn t trong t nhin c phn nh chn thc thng qua cc chu k ca chng trong bng tun hon, cc cu hnh c th  to ra cc chu k i t 2 nguyn t  chu k u v 32 nguyn t  cc chu k cui, mi s gng p ngoi quy lut l khng th bn, nu c c th ch l tm ra gii hn khng th ca vt cht v ch ra rng iu kin tn ti ca t hp vt cht ti im tng hp  m thi. S to cc ng v bn ca cc nguyn t ni ln kh nng to ra cc t hp khng gian trng tu thuc vo iu kin t hp n m kh nng t hp  c kh nng to ra. Nh vy, thc t c th vn cn tn to nhiu dng ng v hay th hnh m ta cha to ra c theo ch quan ca con ngi. Cc ht electron to nn s cn bng tng th trng in trong mt nguyn t, n lun chuyn ng quanh ht nhn theo nhng qu o cn bng t hp trng c th, bn cht ca ht bn loi II da trn s lin kt t)nh - ng, do vy cc vng khng gian trng in t do ca mi nguyn t cing l cc vng khng gian " ng " so vi tm quy chiu ca ht, cc nguyn t nm trong t hp cc ht tng t nhau, tu theo mt  lin kt (trng thi vt cht v cc thng s vt l c th) th nh hng n cc vng khng gian trng " ng " t do ring ca mi ht, do  nh hng trc tip ti cc qu trnh tng tc trng ca cc nguyn t trong phn ng ho hc, dn n cc iu kin phn ng, kh nng phn ng ca cc nguyn t. S phn ng ho hc da trn c s tng tc trng ca cc vng khng gian trng t do ring khc nhau ca cc nguyn t vi cc nguyn t khc nhau ti cc vng khng gian trng t do ring ph hp, hay c kh nng tin ti ph hp. Nh vy, phi c iu kin thch hp, phn ng ho hc mi sy ra, thc t ch ra rng, cc phn ng ho hc sy ra v cng phong ph, tu thuc vo iu kin phn ng  to ra nhng cht (t hp ht bn) khc nhau. S khc nhau i vi tng nguyn t ca mt nguyn t,  l ho tr, tu thuc vo tng tc vi cc nguyn t khc nhau, iu kin tng tc khc nhau m nguyn t  c tng tc hay khng vi mt nguyn t khc v kh nng tng tc c bao nhiu? Cc iu kin  to ra phn ng (tng tc) ho hc c th l trng thi vt cht, nhit , p sut, nh sng, in  t trng, cht xc tc, thi gian   cc phn ng c th sy ra  to ra cc vng khng gian trng t do ring ph hp cho phn ng, tu thuc vo hm trng c th, khong iu kin cho phn ng l khc nhau cing nh s tham gia mt hay nhiu iu kin tng hp  to nn cc ht bn th cp cp phn t bn ti iu kin xt. Trong cc phn ng ho hc (k c cc qu trnh ho tan cc cht lng, rn trong hin tng vt l) u cn yu t thi gian, thi gian tng tc trng khng ch l thi gian  cc khng gian trng t do ph hp tng tc vi nhau thun tu m c s t lm ph hp cc vng khng gian trng t do ca cc ht  t n s ph hp, ngh)a l cc vng khng gian tr\ng t do ca loi ht ny c kh nng  li  vng khng gian trng t do ph hp ca loi kia to thun li cho phn ng sy ra. Nh vy thi gian tng tc trng i vi cc phn ng ho hc ca cc cht khc nhau l khc nhau, chng khc nhau ngay bi mt loi phn ng khi ta thay i iu kin phn ng. Cc phn t, c hiu l c tng tc trng ca cc vng khng gian trng in t do ring ca cc nguyn t vi nhau, thc t, c nhiu phn t ca cng mt nguyn t (ch yu cht kh  tr kh tr), cc cht kh (hay vt cht  trng thi kh) c hi cho chng lin kt cc vng khng gian bo ho t do ring ph hp, vi khong cnh tng tc trng ln to nn phn t kh c trng trng ring , bn thn cc cht kh phn t cng mt nguyn t tnh cht khc vi nguyn t ca chnh nguyn t . V nguyn tc, cc phn t l t hp ht bn th cp loi II ti iu kin xt, song chnh chng b rng buc bi cc lin kt cc ht bn trc , khng gian ht b thay i, cc vng khng gian trng t do ring thay i trn nguyn tc b mt i so vi nguyn t, " tnh ng " ca cc vng khng gian trng t do ring cing b hn ch trong mi lin kt mi, dn n tnh cht tng tc trng thay i, kh nng tham gia tng tc trng thay i. Trong cc phn ng ho hc, s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t l bo ton, bt bin trong mi tng tc trng, chng c th tham gia t hp  to mt cht mi v cing c th c tch ra nguyn vn trong nhng iu kin thch hp. S tng tc trng tun theo quy lut cht ch v nh lng to nn khi nim ho tr trong phn ng ho hc, s thay th nhau trong cc tng tc ca cc nguyn t l chn vn ni ln tnh " lng t " gii hn tng tc trng. Cc nguyn t trong cc phn ng ho hc to ra cc t hp ht bn l c lp, bnh ng nhau theo kh nng tng tc ca chng. Tnh cht hot ng ho hc ca nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l khc nhau, chng c kh nng thay th nhau (y nhau) trong cc phn ng. C ch no to nn s " y "? Cing xt nh th vi hin tng in phn, s tch nguyn t hoc cm t hp phn t ti iu kin tch. Nh th c th tm hiu: Cc vng khng gian trng ring lun gn vi ht bn th cp tham gia tng tc, bn thn cc vng khng gian trng ring c cc vector trng khc nhau, do  khi c cc vng khng gian trng ring cng du (cng loi) c gi tr vector trng ln hn v ph hp th chng b " kh ", tch khi t hp trng hin ti. S tch ny bao gm c cc yu t khc nh nhit, quang, t... tc dng ln t hp trng, tu thuc vo t hp trng c th cing nh cc hm trng tham gia tng tc. Qu trnh tch, d l nhit, quang, in,..., hay cc phn ng th nhau bi cc nguyn t khc(nhm nguyn t) kh d) cho php, ni ln s c lp cn bng trng ca cc vng khng gian trng t do ring cing nh xu hng tm v mt trng thi cn bng khng gian trng ca cc vng mt cch tt hn. Bn thn cc vng khng gian trng t do l cc vng khng gian trng " ng ", s tng tc gia cc vng khng gian trng khc nhau l c s chn lc tng thch, rng buc ln nhau, mi vng khng gian trng ring u gn lin vi cc ht sinh ra n, khi c yu t tng hp khng gian trng ring tt hn hoc lm cho kh nng lin kt trng hin ti khng m bo bn (v d khi nhit phn  khng gian gia cc ht tng bi trng nhit, mi lin kt yu s tch ra, khng gian trng ca cc ht s t tm v trng thi cn bng mi), cc ht tham gia tng tc s to thnh t hp trng mi n nh hn. iu kin phn ng (tng tc trng) v tng qut l cn thit vi mi phn ng ho hc, iu kin thng ch l trng hp c bit trong mt khong n nh trn tri t, bn thn mi t hp trng  mi iu kin c th u co s phn b khng gian trng, gi tr cc loi trng trong khng gian trng, cu hnh phn b cc vng khng gian bo ho trng ring l khc nhau v ch cn bng n nh ti mt khong gii hn iu kin tn ti cho php. Nh  ni, phn ng ho hc gia cc nguyn t l qu trnh tng tc trng in ca cc vng khng gian trng in bo ho t do ring v ph hp,  c phn ng ho hc, iu kin cn l phi tn ti cc vng khng gian trng in t do bo ho tri du ca cc nguyn t, iu kin  l chng phi tng thch cc vng khng gian t do ring " ng ", iu kin phn ng nh nhit , p sut, nh sng, in- t trng,..., cc cht xc tc l cu ni cho qu trnh tng tc trng ca cc vng khng gian trng bo ho t do ring ca cc ht bn th cp  to t hp ht bn mi ti iu kin xt, chng lm thay i gi tr khng gian trng mt phn hay ton b, mt hay nhiu trng, " li " cc vng khng gian trng t do ring " ng " ca cc ht bi s c mt ca t hp trng mi khng tham gia tng tc hoc d trung gian trong qu trnh tng tc  phn ng c din ra hay thun li hn ti iu kin xt. Trong cc phn ng, s gii phng trng hay khi phc cc gi tr trng vn tun theo quy lut chung, c iu trong nhng t hp trng phc tp, s nh hng qua li trong nhng vng khng gian trng bo ho ring l rt ln do  cc hin tng phn ng l phc tp. 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